Expression of recombinant tetracycline efflux pumps for the production of lysine or lysine-derived products, and methods and applications thereof

ABSTRACT

One aspect of the invention relates to a mutant polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of  Escherichia coli  tetracycline efflux pump A (TetA). Another aspect of the invention relates to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of TetA, a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof. Another aspect of the invention relates to a first expression plasmid vector comprising one or more first polynucleotides encoding a first polypeptide comprising a tetracycline efflux pump polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant thereof, one or more second polynucleotides independently selected from the group consisting of a third polynucleotide encoding a third polypeptide comprising a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant thereof, and a fourth polynucleotide encoding a fourth polypeptide comprising a lysine biosynthesis polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant thereof. Another aspect of the invention relates to a transformant comprising one or more expression plasmid vectors as described herein in a host cell. Another aspect of the invention relates to a mutant host cell comprising one or more first, third or fourth polynucleotides as described herein integrated into a chromosome of a host cell. Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing a lysine comprising obtaining a transformant and/or mutant host cell as disclosed herein, culturing the transformant and/or mutant host cell under conditions effective for the expression of the lysine; and harvesting the lysine. Other aspects of the invention relate to methods for producing biobased cadaverine using the transformants disclosed herein, and biobased cadaverine prepared by the method disclosed herein, and polyamides formed using the biobased cadaverine as disclosed herein and compositions thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT/CN2014/088237, filed on 9 Oct. 2014. The application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Current approaches to improve lysine production and the production of lysine-derived products, such as cadaverine, focus on the overexpression or attenuation of proteins involved in cellular metabolism. However, the yield obtained so far is not satisfying. Therefore, there is a need for new techniques resulting in higher yields of lysine and cadaverine.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention relates to a first polypeptide comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a tetracycline efflux pump polypeptide, a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof. As used herein, the E. coli tetracycline efflux pump A is referred to as “TetA” and has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. Examples of mutants of TetA include, without limitation, truncations of TetA such as TetA (aa1-185) having the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30 and TetA (aa1-96) having the polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32. As used herein, “aa” refers to amino acid.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a non-naturally occurring first polynucleotide encoding one or more first polypeptides as disclosed herein. As used herein, the E. coli tetracycline efflux pump A gene is referred to as “E. coli tetA” and comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. Examples of mutants of tetA include, without limitation, truncations of tetA such as tetA (nt 1-558) having the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and tetA (nt 1-291) having the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31. As used herein, “nt” refers to nucleotide.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a first expression plasmid vector comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of one or more first polynucleotides as disclosed herein; and a backbone plasmid capable of autonomous replication in a host cell, wherein the first expression plasmid vector is used for production of lysine or a lysine-derived product. In certain embodiments, the first expression plasmid vector further comprises one or more second polynucleotides selected from the group consisting of a third polynucleotide encoding a third polypeptide comprising a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant thereof, and a fourth polynucleotide encoding a fourth polypeptide comprising a lysine biosynthesis polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant thereof.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a transformant comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of one or more first expression plasmid vectors as described herein in a host cell. In certain embodiments, the transformant as described herein, further comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of one or more second expression plasmid vectors comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of one or more fifth polynucleotides selected from the group consisting of a first polynucleotide as disclosed herein, a third polynucleotide as disclosed herein, and a fourth polynucleotide as disclosed herein; and a backbone plasmid capable of autonomous replication in a host cell, wherein the one or more second expression plasmid vectors are used for production of lysine or a lysine-derived product.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a mutant host cell comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of one or more first polynucleotides as disclosed herein integrated into a chromosome of a host cell. In certain embodiments, mutant host cell further comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of one or more second polynucleotides selected from the group consisting of third polynucleotides as disclosed herein, and fourth polynucleotides as disclosed herein.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing lysine comprising obtaining a transformant and/or mutant host cell as disclosed herein, culturing the transformant and/or mutant host cell under conditions effective for the expression of the lysine; and harvesting the lysine.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing cadaverine (1,5-pentanediamine) comprising cultivating a transformant and/or mutant host cell as disclosed herein, producing cadaverine using the culture obtained herein to decarboxylate lysine, and extracting and purifying cadaverine using the culture obtained herein.

Other aspects of the invention relate to polyamides and 1,5-diisocyanatopentane prepared from biobased cadaverine prepared as disclosed herein, and compositions and preparation methods thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer sequences used to construct the recombinant expression plasmid vectors according to an embodiment of the invention. Primer sequences used to clone and truncate tetA, cadA, and various genes involved in the lysine biosynthetic pathway are provided.

FIG. 2: A table showing the plasmids and strains used in the Examples in addition to the corresponding enzymes being overexpressed and the genes encoding the enzymes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following description provides specific details for a thorough understanding of, and enabling description for, embodiments of the disclosure. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the disclosure may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures and functions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the disclosure.

As disclosed herein, it has been found that expression of a tetracycline efflux pump has resulted in unexpectedly high yields of lysine and cadaverine production. Furthermore, it has unexpectedly been found that expression of various mutants of the tetracycline efflux pump have resulted in high cadaverine productions.

As used herein, the term “one or more” items (e.g. without limitation, polynucleotides, polypeptides, expression plasmid vectors, amino acids, nucleotides, mutations, plasmids, enzymes, proteins, sources, diamines, dicarboxylic acids, and polyamides) means that when there are a plurality of the items, said items may be the same or different.

One aspect of the invention relates to a first polypeptide comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a tetracycline efflux pump polypeptide, a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, the tetracycline efflux pump polypeptide comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 (TetA), a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof.

In certain embodiments, the first polypeptide comprises a tetracycline efflux pump polypeptides selected from the group consisting of Tet, TetA, TetB, TetC, TetD, TetE, TetF, TetG, TetH, TetJ, TetK, TetL, TetM, TetO, TetP(A), TetP(B), TetQ, TetS, TetT, TetU, TetV, TetW, TetX, TetY, TetZ, TetA30, fragments thereof, and mutants thereof. For example, without limitation, the first polypeptide may comprise any of the tetracycline efflux pump polypeptides listed in Table 1, a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof.

TABLE 1 Genes that encode tetracycline efflux pumps and corresponding genera Genes Polypeptides Source (Genus) tetA TetA Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Plesimonas, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Vibrio tetB TetB Actinobacillus, Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Haempphilus. Klebsiella, Moraxella, Pasteurella, Plesimonas, Proteus, Providencia, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Treponema, Vibrio, Yersinia tetC TetC Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Vibrio tetD TetC Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Plesimonas, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio, Yersinia tetE TetE Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Escherichia, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Shigella, Vibrio tetF TetF Baceriodes fragilis tetG TetG Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Vibrio tetH TetH Pasteurella tetJ TetJ Proteus mirabilis tetK TetK Bacillus, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Haempphilus. Listeria, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Peptostreptococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces tetL TetL Actinomyces, Bacillus, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces tetM TetM Aerococcus, Actinomyces, Bacterionema, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Eubacterium, Gardnerella, Gemella, Listeria, Mycoplasma, Peptostreptococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Ureaplasma, Campylobacter, Eikenella, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Kingella, Neisseria, Pasteurella, Prevotella, Veillonella tetO TetO Aerococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Mobiluncus, Peptostreptococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Campylobacter tetP(A) TetP(A) Clostridium, Helicobacter tetP(B) TetP(B) Clostridium tetQ TetQ Baceriodes, Capnocytophaga, Mitsuokella, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Veillonella, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus, Mobiluncus, Peptostreptococcus, Streptococcus tetS TetS Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Listeria tetT TetT Streptococcus tetU TetU Enterococcus tetV TetV Mycobacterium tetW TetW Butyrivibrio tetX TetX Baceriodes tetY TetY pIE1120 tetZ TetZ Corynebacterium tetA(30) TetA(30) Agrobacterium

In certain embodiments, the first polypeptide comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 (TetA), a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof. A mutant of TetA may include a deletion, substitution, addition, and/or insertion of one or more amino acids to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, while the mutant of TetA provides substantially the same function as TetA (i.e., the mutant of TetA has about 80% or higher tetracycline efflux pump activity compared to that of TetA; about 90% or higher tetracycline efflux pump activity compared to that of TetA; about 95% or higher tetracycline efflux pump activity compared to that of TetA; about 97% or higher tetracycline efflux pump activity compared to that of TetA; about 99% or higher tetracycline efflux pump activity compared to that of TetA; or about 100% or higher tetracycline efflux pump activity compared to that of TetA.)

Examples of mutants of TetA include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 30 (TetA (aa1-185; where “aa” refers to amino acids)) and SEQ ID NO: 32 (TetA (aa1-96)). Other examples of TetA mutants may include TetA mutants that are truncated at structural loop regions connecting alpha helices within the TetA polypeptide. In certain embodiments, TetA mutants may include any truncations made in loop three of the TetA protein such as TetA aa1-97, TetA aa 1-98, TetA aa 1-99, TetA aa 1-100, TetA aa 1-101, TetA aa 1-102, TetA aa 1-103, or TetA aa 1-104. In certain embodiments, TetA mutants may include any truncations made in loop four of the TetA protein such as TetA aa1-124, TetA aa 1-125, TetA aa 1-126, TetA aa 1-127, TetA aa 1-128, TetA aa 1-129, TetA aa 1-130, TetA aa 1-131, TetA aa 1-132, or TetA aa 1-133. In certain embodiments, TetA mutants may include any truncations made in loop five of the TetA protein such as TetA aa1-155, TetA aa 1-156, TetA aa 1-157, TetA aa 1-158, TetA aa 1-159, TetA aa 1-160, TetA aa 1-161, or TetA aa 1-162. In certain embodiments, TetA mutants may include any truncations made in loop six of the TetA protein such as TetA aa1-182, TetA aa 1-183, TetA aa 1-184, TetA aa 1-185, TetA aa 1-186, TetA aa 1-187, TetA aa 1-188, TetA aa 1-189, TetA aa 1-190, TetA aa1-191, TetA aa 1-192, TetA aa 1-193, TetA aa 1-194, TetA aa 1-195, TetA aa 1-196, TetA aa 1-197, TetA aa 1-198, TetA aa 1-199, TetA aa1-200, TetA aa 1-201, TetA aa 1-202, TetA aa 1-203, TetA aa 1-204, TetA aa 1-205, TetA aa 1-206, TetA aa 1-207, TetA aa 1-208, TetA aa 1-209, TetA aa 1-210, TetA aa 1-211, TetA aa 1-212, TetA aa 1-213, or TetA aa 1-214. In certain embodiments, TetA mutants may include any truncations made in loop seven of the TetA protein such as TetA aa1-237, TetA aa 1-238, TetA aa 1-239, TetA aa 1-240, TetA aa 1-241, TetA aa 1-242, TetA aa 1-243, TetA aa 1-244, or TetA aa 1-245. In certain embodiments, TetA mutants may include any truncations made in loop eight of the TetA protein such as TetA aa1-268, TetA aa 1-269, TetA aa 1-270, TetA aa 1-271, TetA aa 1-272, TetA aa 1-273, TetA aa 1-274, TetA aa 1-275, TetA aa 1-276, TetA aa 1-277, or TetA aa 1-278. In certain embodiments, TetA mutants may include any truncations made in loop nine of the TetA protein such as TetA aa1-321, TetA aa 1-322, TetA aa 1-323, TetA aa 1-324, TetA aa 1-325, TetA aa 1-326, TetA aa 1-327, TetA aa 1-328, TetA aa 1-329, TetA aa 1-330, TetA aa 1-331, TetA aa 1-332, TetA aa 1-333, TetA aa 1-334, TetA aa 1-335, TetA aa 1-336, TetA aa 1-337, TetA aa 1-338, or TetA aa 1-339. In certain embodiments, TetA mutants may include any truncations made in loop ten of the TetA protein such as TetA aa1-360, TetA aa 1-361, TetA aa 1-362, TetA aa 1-363, TetA aa 1-364, TetA aa 1-365, TetA aa 1-366, or TetA aa 1-367.

As used herein, a polypeptide comprising a specific polypeptide sequence may include fragments, and/or mutants of the specific polypeptide sequence, while still providing substantially the same function as the whole original unmutated specific polypeptide sequence. A fragment of a polypeptide means a part of the polypeptide that provides substantially the same function as the whole polypeptide. Examples of mutants of a specific polypeptide sequence include deletions, substitutions, additions, and/or insertions of one or more amino acids to the specific polypeptide sequence. For example, a fragment or mutant of TetA possesses substantially the same function of the TetA polypeptide (e.g. tetracycline efflux pump activity).

Another aspect of the invention relates to a first polynucleotide encoding one or more first polypeptides that are the same or different as disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the first polypeptide comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a tetracycline efflux pump polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant thereof. When there are a plurality of the first polypeptides, each first polypeptide may be the same or different, and may be expressed individually or as a fusion protein.

In certain embodiments, the first polynucleotide sequence preferably comprises one or more of a E. coli tetracycline efflux pump gene tetA (SEQ ID NO: 1), a fragment thereof, and/or a mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, the first polynucleotide may encode any of the tetracycline efflux pumps as disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the first polynucleotide sequence may be selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 29 (tetA (nt 1-558)), SEQ ID NO: 31 (tetA (nt 1-291), and codon optimized tetA's.

In certain embodiments, the first polynucleotide sequence comprises one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten tetracycline efflux pump genes independently selected from the group consisting of tet, tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE, tetF, tetG, tetH, tetJ, tetK, tetL, tetM, tetO, tetP(A), tetP(B), tetQ, tetS, tetT, tetU, tetV, tetW, tetX, tetY, tetZ, tetA30, fragments thereof, and mutants thereof. For example, the first polynucleotide sequence may, without limitation, comprise any of the tetracycline efflux pump genes listed in Table 1, a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, the tetracycline efflux pump genes may, without limitation, be from any of the corresponding genera listed in Table 1.

In certain embodiments, the first polynucleotide comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of the polynucleotide tetracycline efflux pump gene tetA (SEQ ID NO: 1), a mutant thereof, or a fragment thereof. A mutant of tetA may include a deletion, a substitution, an addition, and/or an insertion of one or more nucleotides to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, while the protein encoded by the mutant of tetA provides substantially the same function as TetA (i.e., the mutant of TetA has about 80% or higher tetracycline efflux pump activity compared to that of TetA; about 90% or higher tetracycline efflux pump activity compared to that of TetA; about 95% or higher tetracycline efflux pump activity compared to that of TetA; about 97% or higher tetracycline efflux pump activity compared to that of TetA; about 99% or higher tetracycline efflux pump activity compared to that of TetA; or about 100% or higher tetracycline efflux pump activity compared to that of TetA).

In certain embodiments, the first polynucleotide may be a recombinant or non-naturally occurring polynucleotide. In certain embodiments, the first polynucleotide may be cDNA. In certain embodiments, the first polynucleotide may be obtained by codon optimization for optimal polypeptide expression in a particular microorganism (e.g., E. coli, H. alvei, or P. aeruginosa).

Nucleotide sequences, polynucleotides, and DNA molecules as used herein are not limited to the functional region, and may include at least one of an expression suppression region, a coding region, a leader sequence, an exon, an intron, and an expression cassette (see, e.g. Papadakis et al., “Promoters and Control Elements: Designing Expression Cassettes for Gene Therapy,” Current Gene Therapy (2004), 4, 89-113). Furthermore, nucleotide sequences or polynucleotides may include double strand DNA or single strand DNA (La, a sense chain and an antisense chain constituting the double strand DNA), or RNA. A polynucleotide containing a specific polynucleotides sequence may include fragments, and/or mutants of the specific polynucleotides sequence. A fragment of a polynucleotide means a part of the polynucleotide that encodes a polypeptide which provides substantially the same function as the polypeptide encoded by the whole polynucleotide. Examples of mutants of a specific polynucleotides sequence include naturally occurring allelic mutants; artificial mutants; and polynucleotides sequences obtained by deletion, substitution, addition, and/or insertion of one or more nucleotides to the specific polynucleotides sequence. It should be understood that such fragments, and/or mutants of a specific polynucleotides sequence encode polypeptides having substantially the same function as the polypeptide encoded by the original, specific polynucleotides sequence. For example, a fragment and/or mutant of tetA encodes a polypeptide that possesses substantially the same function of TetA (e.g. tetracycline efflux pump activity).

Codon optimization is a technique that may be used to maximize the protein expression in an organism by increasing the translational efficiency of the gene of interest. Different organisms often show particular preferences for one of the several codons that encode the same amino acid due to mutational biases and natural selection. For example, in fast growing microorganisms such as E. coli, optimal codons reflect the composition of their respective genomic tRNA pool. Therefore, the codons of low frequency of an amino acid may be replaced with codons for the same amino acid but of high frequency in the fast growing microorganism. Accordingly, the expression of the optimized DNA sequence is improved in the fast growing microorganism. See, e.g. http://www.guptalab.org/shubhg/pdf/shubhra_codon.pdf for an overview of codon optimization technology, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As provided herein, polynucleotide sequences may be codon optimized for optimal polypeptide expression in a particular microorganism including, but not limited to, E. coli, H. alvei, and P. aeruginosa.

In certain embodiments, mutants of a polynucleotide can be obtained from codon optimization of the polynucleotide to decrease the guanine (G) and cytosine (C) polynucleotide content thereof for improved protein expression. A genome is considered GC-rich if about 50% or more of its bases are G or C. A high GC content in the polynucleotide sequence of interest may lead to the formation of secondary structure in the mRNA, which can result in interrupted translation and lower levels of expression. Thus, changing G and C residues in the coding sequence to A and T residues without changing the amino acids may provide higher expression levels.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a first expression plasmid vector comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of:

one or more first polynucleotides that are the same or different, and each encodes one or more first polypeptides that are the same or different and each comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a tetracycline efflux pump polypeptide, a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof, and

a backbone plasmid capable of autonomous replication in a host cell,

wherein the first expression plasmid vector is used for production of lysine or a lysine-derived product.

In one embodiment, there are a plurality of the first polypeptides, each first polypeptide may be the same or different, and may be expressed individually or as a fusion protein.

As used herein, the term “host cell” refers to a microorganism cell that may be any cell that can be transformed with an expression plasmid vector (e.g., Pseudomonas (e.g., P. aeruginosa), Escherichia (e.g., E. coli), Corynebacterium (e.g., Corynebacterium glutamicum), Bacilli, Hafnia (e.g., Hafnia alvei), Brevibacterium, Lactobacillus (e.g., Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus saerimneri), Lactococcus (e.g., Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis), and Streptococcus (e.g., Streptococcus thermophilus)).

An E. coli cell may be any of the E. coli strains derived from E. coli K12 (e.g., MG1655, W3110, DH10b, DH1, BW2952 and strains derived therefrom) or E. coli B, or strains derived therefrom.

In certain embodiments, the host cell may contain one or more endogenous plasmids. In certain embodiments, the host cell does not contain endogenous plasmids. The term “cure” as used herein means to remove one or more endogenous plasmids from a host cell. In certain embodiments, a host cell may be “cured” of all endogenous plasmids by removing all endogenous plasmids from the host cell. In certain embodiments, a host cell may be “cured” of one or more endogenous plasmids by removing only the one or more endogenous plasmids that is targeted for removal from the cell.

In certain embodiments, the host cell may be a prokaryotic cell (e.g. is, H. alvei) containing endogenous plasmids that encode specific toxin/antitoxin gene pairs. Such toxin/antitoxin gene pairs play a role in maintenance of the genetic information and response to stress. (See, Wertz et al. “Chimeric nature of two plasmids of Hafnia alvei encoding the bacteriocins alveicins A and B.” Journal of Bacteriology, (2004) 186: 1598-1605.) As long as the cell has one or more plasmids comprising an antitoxin gene, the toxin is neutralized by the antitoxin that is continuously expressed by the one or more plasmids to keep the cells alive. In certain prokaryotes, the antitoxin protein degrades faster than the toxin protein. If the plasmid comprising the antitoxin gene is lost from the cell, the toxin protein will exist longer than the antitoxin protein in the cell and kill or inhibit the growth of the cell. Therefore, plasmids comprising the antitoxin or the toxin/antitoxin gene are preferably maintained to keep the host cell alive.

As used herein, a toxin/antitoxin gene pair has two genes, one is a toxin gene which expresses a polypeptide toxic to a host cell, and the other is an antitoxin gene which neutralizes the toxic polypeptide in the host cell. Examples of the toxin/antitoxin gene pair include, without limitation, abt/abi gene pair and aat/aai gene pair, fragments thereof, and mutants thereof. In some embodiments, the toxin polynucleotide sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12 or SEQ ID NO: 14, fragments thereof, or mutants thereof. In some embodiments, the antitoxin polynucleotide sequence comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 or SEQ ID NO: 15, fragments thereof, or mutants thereof.

In certain embodiments, the host cell may be any H. alvei strain, e.g., endogenous plasmid-free H. alvei strains or H. alvei strains containing endogenous plasmids. For example, the host cell may be an H. alvei strain containing one or more pAlvA plasmids or the cured strains thereof (pAlvA-strains), or an H. alvei strain containing one or more pAlvB plasmids and the cured strains thereof (pAlvB-strains).

In certain embodiments, the expression plasmid vector disclosed herein (e.g. the first expression plasmid vector) may further comprise one or more antitoxin genes independently selected from the group consisting of abi gene, aai gene, mutations and fragments thereof, and/or one or more toxin/antitoxin gene pairs independently selected from the group consisting of abt/abi gene pair and aat/aai gene pair, and mutations and fragments thereof. For example, in certain embodiments, an expression plasmid vector (e.g. the first expression plasmid vector) may further comprise an antitoxin polynucleotide that counteracts a toxin polypeptide that is harmful to the host cell, and a toxin polynucleotide sequence encoding the toxin polypeptide.

In certain embodiments, the host cell is an industrial strain suitable to be used in industrial-scale or large-scale production. For example, industrial strains may be cultivated in a fermenter. The scale of culture may range from hundreds of liters to millions of liters. On the other hand, a laboratory strain usually is cultivated in a few liters or less. In certain embodiments, an industrial strain may grow in a simpler or more economical medium than laboratory strains.

A backbone plasmid capable of autonomous replication in a host cell may be any plasmid that can replicate in the host cell. In one embodiment, an expression plasmid vector comprises a backbone plasmid that can replicate in E. coli. In another embodiment, an expression plasmid vector comprises a backbone plasmid that can replicate in H. alvei. Examples of the backbone plasmids include, without limitation, backbone plasmids that can replicate in E. coli strains, e.g. pUC (e.g. pUC18 and pUC19 plasmids), pBR322, pSC101, p15a, pACYC, pET, and pSC101 plasmids, and plasmids derived therefrom.

In certain embodiments, the mutants of a polynucleotide can be obtained from codon optimization of the polynucleotide for a particular microorganism (e.g., E. coli, H. alvei, or P. aeruginosa) to enhance polypeptide expression.

In certain embodiments, the first expression plasmid vector may be used for the production of lysine or a lysine derived product as described herein. In certain embodiments, a lysine derived product may be cadaverine as described herein.

In certain embodiments, the first expression plasmid vector further comprises one or more sixth polynucleotides that are the same or different, and each encodes a sixth polypeptide that comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of an antibiotic resistance protein, a fragment, or a mutant thereof. When there are a plurality of the sixth polynucleotides, the sixth polypeptides encoded by the sixth polynucleotides may be the same and different, and may be expressed individually or as a fusion protein.

In certain embodiments, the antibiotic resistance protein may be a tetracycline resistance protein or an oxytetracycline-resistance protein. In certain embodiments, the antibiotic resistance protein may be selected from the group that comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of OtrA, OtrB, OtrC, Tcr3, a fragment, and/or mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, OtrA may be from the genus Mycobacterium or Streptomyces. In certain embodiments, OtrB, OtrC, and Tcr3 may be from the genus Streptomyces. In certain embodiments, the sixth polynucleotide may be selected from the group that comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of otrA, otrB, otrC, tcr3, a fragment, and/or mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, otrA may be from the genus Mycobacterium or Streptomyces. In certain embodiments, otrB, otrC, and tcr3 may be from the genus Streptomyces.

In certain embodiments, the first expression plasmid vector comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of:

one or more first polynucleotides that are the same or different, and each encodes one or more first polypeptides that are the same or different and each comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a tetracycline efflux pump polypeptide, a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof;

one or more second polynucleotides that are the same or different and independently selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a third polynucleotide encoding a third polypeptide comprising,         consisting of, or consisting essentially of a lysine         decarboxylase polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant         thereof, and     -   a fourth polynucleotide encoding a fourth polypeptide         comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a lysine         biosynthesis polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant         thereof; and

a backbone plasmid capable of autonomous replication in a host cell,

-   -   wherein the first expression plasmid vector is used for         production of lysine or a lysine-derived product.

In certain embodiments, when there are a plurality of the second polynucleotides, each third polypeptide may be the same or different and each fourth polypeptide may be the same or different; the third and fourth polypeptides may be expressed individually or as a fusion protein.

In certain embodiments, the third polynucleotide encodes a third polypeptide that comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide, a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof.

In certain embodiments, the third polynucleotide may be selected from the group that comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 41 (cadA), SEQ ID NO: 42 (ldcC), SEQ ID NO: 8 (ldc2), fragments thereof, and mutants thereof. In certain embodiments, third polynucleotide is selected from the group that comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of SEQ ID NO: 10 (ldc2 co-1), SEQ ID NO: 34 (ldc2 co-1 C332G), SEQ ID NO: 35 (ldc2 co-1 A785C), SEQ ID NO: 36 (ldc2 co-1 A795C), SEQ ID NO: 37 (ldc2 co-1 C332G/A785C), SEQ ID NO: 38 (ldc2 co-1 C332G/A795C), SEQ ID NO: 39 (ldc2 co-1 A785C/A795C), and SEQ ID NO: 40 (ldc2 co-1 C332G/A785C/A795C).

In certain embodiments, the third polypeptide may comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of Escherichia coli CadA (SEQ ID NO: 6), Escherichia coli LdcC (SEQ ID NO: 7), Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ldc2 (SEQ ID NO: 9), a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, the lysine decarboxylase may be a lysine decarboxylase from a species that is homologous to E. coli LdcC or CadA. For example, the lysine decarboxylase may be Shigella sonnei CadA or Salmonella enterica lysine decarboxylase, a fragment, or a mutant thereof.

Examples of mutants of Ldc2 include, without limitation, SEQ ID NO: 11 (Ldc2 S111C), SEQ ID NO: 16 (Ldc2 N262T), SEQ ID NO: 17 (Ldc2 K265N), SEQ ID NO: 18 (Ldc2 S111C/N262T), SEQ ID NO: 19 (Ldc2 S111C/K265N), SEQ ID NO: 20 (Ldc2 N262T/K265N), and SEQ ID NO: 21 (Ldc2 S111C/N262T/K265N), homologous polypeptides of Ldc2, homologous polypeptides of Ldc2 S111C (e.g. Ldc2 S111X), homologous polypeptides of Ldc2 N262T (e.g. Ldc2 N262X′), homologous polypeptides of Ldc2 K265N (e.g. Ldc2 K265X′), homologous polypeptides of Ldc2 S111C/N262T (e.g. Ldc2 S111X/N262X′), homologous polypeptides of Ldc2 S111C/K265N (e.g. Ldc2 S111X/K265X″), homologous polypeptides of Ldc2 N262T/K265N (e.g. Ldc2 N262X′/K265X″), and homologous polypeptides of Ldc2 S111C/N262T/K265N (e.g. Ldc2 S111X/N262X′/K265X″). X is any amino acid that is not serine, X′ is any amino acid that is not asparagine, and X″ is any amino acid that is not lysine. As used herein, a homologous polypeptide is at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% homologous with the polypeptide. When a Ldc2 mutant has multiple mutations, each mutation may be the same or different.

In certain embodiments, the third polypeptides are mutants of Ldc2, and the corresponding third polynucleotides encoding the third polypeptides are polynucleotides encoding Ldc2 (e.g. ldc2 (SEQ ID NO: 8)), a codon optimized ldc2 (e.g. ldc2-col, SEQ ID NO: 10)) containing one or more suitable nucleotide mutations that are the same or different and independently selected from the group consisting of a mutation at nucleotide position 331, a mutation at nucleotide position 332, a mutation at nucleotide position 333, a mutation at nucleotide position 784, a mutation at nucleotide position 785, a mutation at nucleotide position 786, a mutation at nucleotide position 793, a mutation at nucleotide position 794, and a mutation at nucleotide position 795.

In certain embodiments, the third polypeptides are mutants of Ldc2, and the corresponding third polynucleotides encoding the third polypeptides are polynucleotides encoding Ldc2 (e.g. ldc2 (SEQ ID NO: 8), a codon optimized ldc2 (e.g. ldc2-col, SEQ ID NO: 10)) containing one or more suitable nucleotide mutations that are the same or different and independently selected from the group consisting of a mutation at nucleotide position 332, a mutation at nucleotide position 785, and a mutation at nucleotide position 795. In certain examples, without limitation, the nucleotide at position 332 may be mutated to G, the nucleotide at position 785 may be mutated to a C, and the nucleotide at position 795 may be mutated to a T or C.

In certain embodiments, a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide may include a deletion, substitution, addition, and/or insertion of one or more amino acids to the amino acid sequence of a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide, while the mutant of lysine decarboxylase polypeptide provides substantially the same function as a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide (i.e., the mutant of a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide has about 80% or higher lysine decarboxylase activity compared to that of a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide; about 90% or higher lysine decarboxylase activity compared to that of a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide; about 95% or higher lysine decarboxylase activity compared to that of a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide; about 97% or higher lysine decarboxylase activity compared to that of a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide; about 99% or higher lysine decarboxylase activity compared to that of a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide; or about 100% or higher lysine decarboxylase activity compared to that of a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide).

In certain embodiments, the fourth polynucleotide encodes a fourth polypeptide that comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a lysine biosynthesis polypeptide, a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, the fourth polynucleotide may be a gene selected from the group consisting of sucA, ppc, aspC, lysC, asd, dapA, dapB, dapD, argD, dapE, dapF, lysA, ddh, pntAB, cyoABE, gadAB, ybjE, gdhA, gltA, sucC, gadC, acnB, pflB, thrA, aceA, aceB, gltB, aceE, sdhA, murE, speE, speG, puuA, puuP, ygjG, fragments thereof, and mutants thereof. For example, without limitation, the fourth polynucleotide may comprise the sequence of any one of the E. coli genes, fragments thereof, or mutants thereof, listed in Table 2.

In certain embodiments, the fourth polynucleotide may comprise the sequence of a gene involved in lysine biosynthesis that is homologous to any one of the genes listed in Table 2. For example, the fourth polynucleotide may comprise the sequence of a gene involved in lysine biosynthesis that is from a species other than E. coli. In certain embodiments, the fourth polynucleotide may comprise the sequence of a polynucleotide sequence decoding the aspartokinase, LysC, from Streptomyces lividans (GenBank EOY48571.1). As used herein, a gene that is homologous to an E. coli gene has a polynucleotide sequence with at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence homology with the polynucleotide sequence of the E. coli gene.

TABLE 2 E. coli Proteins/genes involved in lysine biosynthesis. Protein Gene GenBank Accession No. α-ketogultarate dehydrogenase (SucA) sucA YP_489005.1 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PPC) ppc AAC76938.1 aspartate transaminase (AspC) aspC AAC74014.1 aspartate kinase (LysC) lysC NP_418448.1 aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase asd AAC76458.1 (Asd) dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DapA) dapA NP_416973.1 dihydropicolinate reductase (DapB) dapB AAC73142.1 tetrahydrodipicoinate succinylase (DapD) dapD AAC73277.1 N-succinyldiaminopimelate argD AAC76384.1 aminotransferase (ArgD) N-succinyl-L-diaminopimelate deacylase dapE AAC75525.1 (DapE) diaminopimelate epimerase (DapF) dapF AAC76812.2 diaminopimelate decarboxylase (LysA) lysA AAC75877.1 meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase ddh P04964.1 (Ddh) pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase pntAB AAC74675.1, AAC74674.1 (PntAB) cytochrome O oxidase (CyoABE) cyoABE AAC73535.1, AAC73534.1, AAC73531.1 glutamate decarboxylase (GadAB) gadAB AAC76542.1, AAC74566.1 L-amino acid efflux transporter (YbjE) ybjE AAC73961.2 glutamate dehydrogenase (GdhA) gdhA AAC74831.1 citrate synthase (GltA) gltA AAC73814.1 succinyl-coA synthase (SucC) sucC AAC73822.1 glutamate-GABA antiporter (GadC) gadC AAC74565.1 aconitase B (AcnB) acnB AAC73229.1 pyruvate-formate lyase (PflB) pflB AAC73989.1 aspartate kinase/homoserine thrA AAC73113.1 dehydrogenase (ThrA) isocitrate lyase (AceA) aceA AAC76985.1 malate synthase (AceB) aceB AAC76984.1 glutmate synthase (GltB) gltB AAC76244.2 pyruvate dehydrogenase (AceE) aceE AAC73225.1 succinate dehydrogenase (SdhA) sdhA AAC73817.1 UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D- murE AAC73196.1 glutamate:meso-diaminopimelate ligase (MurE) putrescine/cadaverine speE AAC73232.1 aminopropyltransferase (SpeE) spermidine acetyltransferase (SpeG) speG AAC74656.1 glutamate-putrescine/glutamate- puuA AAC74379.2 cadaverine ligase (PuuA) putrescine importer (PuuP) puuP AAC74378.2 putrescine/cadaverine aminotransferase ygjG AAC76108.3 (YgjG)

In certain embodiments, the fourth polypeptide comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a lysine biosynthesis polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, the fourth polypeptide may be selected from the group consisting of SucA, Ppc, AspC, LysC, Asd, DapA, DapB, DapD, ArgD, DapE, DapF, LysA, Ddh, PntAB, CyoABE, GadAB, YbjE, GdhA, GltA, SucC, GadC, AcnB, PflB, ThrA, AceA, AceB, GltB, AceE, SdhA, MurE, SpeE, SpeG, PuuA, PuuP, and YgjG, fragments thereof, and mutants thereof. For example, without limitation, the fourth polypeptide may be any one of the proteins listed in Table 2. In certain embodiments, the fourth polypeptide may contain one or more mutations. For example, the fourth polypeptide may comprise the sequence of the E. coli aspartokinase III (LysC or AKIII) polypeptide with a mutation from a methionine to an isoleucine at position 318 and a mutation from a glycine to an aspartic acid at position 323 (LysC-1 (M318I, G323D)) having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26. In certain embodiments, the fourth polypeptide may comprise the sequence of the E. coli LysC polypeptide with a mutation from a threonine to a methionine at position 344 and a mutation from a threonine to an isoleucine at position 352 (LysC-1 (T344M, T352I)) having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.

In certain embodiments, the fourth polypeptide may comprise the sequence of a protein involved in lysine biosynthesis that is homologous to any one of the proteins listed in Table 2. In certain embodiments, the fourth polynucleotide may comprise the sequence of a protein involved in lysine biosynthesis that is from a species other than E. coli. For example, the fourth polypeptide may comprise the sequence of the aspartokinase protein, LysC, from Streptomyces lividans (GenBank EOY48571.1) having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28). As used herein, a polypeptide that is homologous to an E. coli protein has a polypeptide sequence with at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence homology with the polypeptide sequence of the E. coli protein.

In certain embodiments, the protein involved in lysine biosynthesis is one or more of aspartate kinase (LysC), dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DapA), diaminopimelate decarboxylase (LysA), a fragment, and/or mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, the protein involved in lysine biosynthesis is from the genera Escherichia. In certain embodiments, the protein involved in lysine biosynthesis is from the species E. coli. For example, the protein may be E. coli aspartate kinase (LysC or AKIII) protein (SEQ ID NO: 3), which is encoded by the polynucleotide sequence of the lysC gene. In some embodiments, the protein may be E. coli dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DapA or DHDPS) protein (SEQ ID NO: 4), which is encoded by the polynucleotide sequence of the dapA gene. In certain embodiments, the protein may be E. coli diaminopimelate decarboxylase (LysA) protein (SEQ ID NO: 5), which is encoded by the polynucleotide sequence of the lysA gene. In certain embodiments, the protein involved in lysine biosynthesis is one or more proteins listed in Table 2, fragments thereof and/or mutants thereof.

In certain embodiments, the first expression plasmid vector may be used for the production of a lysine derived product as described herein. In certain embodiments, a lysine derived product may be cadaverine as described herein.

In certain embodiments, the second, third and/or fourth polynucleotide may be a recombinant or non-naturally occurring polynucleotide. In certain embodiments, the second polynucleotide may be cDNA. In certain embodiments, the second, third and/or fourth polynucleotide may be obtained by codon optimization for optimal polypeptide expression in a particular microorganism (e.g., E. coli, H. alvei, or P. aeruginosa).

Another aspect of the invention relates to a transformant comprising one or more first expression plasmid vectors that are the same or different, and disclosed herein in a host cell.

The first expression plasmid vectors; host cell; backbone plasmid; and further additions to the first expression plasmid vector are the same as described supra.

As used herein, a transformant is a host cell that has been altered by introducing one or more expression plasmid vectors in the host cell, wherein the one or more expression plasmid vectors are the same or different. In certain embodiments, the transformant is obtained by introducing an expression plasmid vector through transformation into a host cell displaying competence to the plasmid vector.

In certain embodiments, the transformant may be used for the production of lysine or a lysine derived product as described herein. In certain embodiments, a lysine derived product may be cadaverine as described herein.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a transformant comprising one or more first expression plasmid vectors that are the same or different and disclosed herein in a host cell, the transformant further comprising, consisting, or consisting essentially of:

-   -   one or more second expression plasmid vectors that are the same         or different, and each comprises, consists, or consists         essentially of:         -   one or more fifth polynucleotides that are the same or             different and independently selected from the group             consisting of a first polynucleotide encoding a first             polypeptide comprising, consisting, or consisting             essentially of a tetracycline efflux pump polypeptide, a             fragment thereof or a mutant thereof, a third polynucleotide             encoding a third polypeptide comprising, consisting, or             consisting essentially of a lysine decarboxylase             polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant thereof, and a             fourth polynucleotide encoding a fourth polypeptide             comprising, consisting, or consisting essentially of a             lysine biosynthesis polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a             mutant thereof; and     -   a backbone plasmid capable of autonomous replication in a host         cell,     -   wherein the one or more first and second expression plasmid         vectors are used for production of lysine or a lysine-derived         product.

The first expression plasmid vectors; first polynucleotides, fragments and mutants thereof; first polypeptides, fragments and mutants thereof; tetracycline efflux pump polypeptides, fragments and mutants thereof; third polynucleotides, fragments and mutants thereof; third polypeptides, fragments and mutants thereof; lysine decarboxylase polypeptides, fragments and mutants thereof; fourth polynucleotides, fragments and mutants thereof; fourth polypeptides, fragments and mutants thereof; lysine biosynthesis polypeptides, fragments and mutants thereof; host cell; backbone plasmid; and further additions to the first expression plasmid vector are the same as described supra.

In certain embodiments, the second expression plasmid vector further comprises one or more sixth polynucleotides that are the same or different and each encodes a sixth polypeptide comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of an antibiotic resistance protein, a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, the antibiotic resistance protein may be a tetracycline resistance protein or an oxytetracycline-resistance protein. In certain embodiments, the antibiotic resistance protein may be selected from the group that comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of OtrA, OtrB, OtrC, Tcr3, a fragment, and/or mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, OtrA may be from the genus Mycobacterium or Streptomyces. In certain embodiments, OtrB, OtrC, and Tcr3 may be from the genus Streptomyces. In certain embodiments, the sixth polynucleotide may be selected from the group that comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of otrA, otrB, otrC, tcr3, a fragment, or mutant thereof. In certain embodiments, otrA may be from the genus Mycobacterium or Streptomyces. In certain embodiments, otrB, otrC, and tcr3 may be from the genus Streptomyces.

In certain embodiments, the transformant may be used for the production of lysine or a lysine derived product as described herein. In certain embodiments, a lysine derived product may be cadaverine as described herein.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a mutant host cell comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of:

one or more first polynucleotides that are the same or different, and integrated into a chromosome of a host cell, wherein each of the one or more first polynucleotides encodes one or more first polypeptides that are the same or different and each comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a tetracycline efflux pump polypeptide, a fragment thereof, or a mutant thereof.

The first polynucleotides, fragments and mutants thereof; first polypeptides, fragments and mutants thereof; tetracycline efflux pump polypeptides, fragments and mutants thereof; and host cell are the same as described supra.

In certain embodiments, the mutant host cell may be used for the production of lysine or a lysine derived product as described herein. In certain embodiments, a lysine derived product may be cadaverine as described herein.

In certain embodiments, the first polynucleotide may be integrated into the host cell chromosome according to the PCR-mediated gene replacement method (see, e.g. Datsenko, 2000 for an overview of the PCR-mediated gene replacement method, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Integrated chromosomes may also be produced by other suitable methods.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a mutant host cell comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of:

one or more first polynucleotides integrated into a chromosome of a host cell, wherein the one or more first polynucleotides are the same or different, and each of the one or more first polynucleotides encodes one or more first polypeptides that are the same or different and each comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of a tetracycline efflux pump polypeptide, a fragment thereof, or a mutants thereof;

one or more second polynucleotides integrated into a chromosome of the host cell, wherein the one or more second polynucleotide are the same or different and independently selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a third polynucleotide encoding a third polypeptide comprising,         consisting of, or consisting essentially of a lysine         decarboxylase polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant         thereof, and     -   a fourth polynucleotide encoding a fourth polypeptide         comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a lysine         biosynthesis polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant         thereof.

The first polynucleotides; first polypeptides; tetracycline efflux pump polypeptides, fragments and mutants thereof; second polynucleotides; third polynucleotides; third polypeptides; lysine decarboxylase polypeptides, fragments and mutants thereof; fourth polynucleotides; fourth polypeptides; lysine biosynthesis polypeptides, fragments and mutants thereof; and host cell are the same as described supra.

In certain embodiments, when there are a plurality of the first polypeptides, each first polypeptide may be the same or different and may be expressed individually or as a fusion protein.

In certain embodiments, when there are a plurality of the second polynucleotides, each third polypeptide may be the same or different, and each fourth polypeptide may be the same or different; the third and fourth polypeptides may be expressed individually or as a fusion protein.

In certain embodiments, the first and second polynucleotides may be integrated into the host cell chromosome according to the PCR-mediated gene replacement method (see, e.g. Datsenko, 2000 for an overview of the PCR-mediated gene replacement method, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Integrated chromosomes may also be produced by other suitable methods.

In certain embodiments, the mutant host cell may be used for the production of lysine or a lysine derived product as described herein. In certain embodiments, a lysine derived product may be cadaverine as described herein.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing lysine comprising:

obtaining a transformant and/or mutant host cell as disclosed herein;

culturing the transformant and/or mutant host cell under conditions effective for the expression of the lysine; and

harvesting the lysine.

In certain embodiments, the transformant and/or mutant host cell may be any of those as described herein. For example, the transformant used to produce lysine may be obtained by transforming one or more expression plasmid vectors that are the same or different, and disclosed herein into a host cell.

The transformant and/or mutant host cell may be cultured using a medium containing carbon sources and non-carbon nutrient sources. Examples of carbon sources include, without limitation, sugar (e.g. carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose), oil and/or fat, fatty acid, and/or derivatives thereof. The oil and fat may contain saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acids having 10 or more carbon atoms, e.g. coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, and the like. The fatty acid may be a saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acid, e.g. hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, lauric acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, myristic acid, and the like. Examples of derivatives of a fatty acid include, without limitation, esters and salts thereof. Examples of non-carbon sources include, without limitation, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, and other organic nutrient sources.

For example, a medium may contain a carbon source assimilable by the transformant and/or mutant host cell, optionally with one or more other sources independently selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen source, an inorganic salt and another organic nutrient source. In certain embodiments, the weight percentage of the nitrogen source is about 0.01 to about 0.1% of the medium. Examples of the nitrogen source may comprise ammonia, ammonium salts (e.g. ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate), peptone, meat extract, yeast extract, and the like. Examples of the inorganic salts include, without limitation, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, magnesium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, and the like. Examples of the other organic nutrient source include, without limitation, amino acids (e.g. glycine, alanine, serine, threonine and proline), vitamins (e.g. vitamin B1, vitamin B12 and vitamin C), and the like.

The culture may be carried out at any temperature as long as the cells can grow, and preferably at about 20° C. to about 40° C., or about 35° C. The culture period may be about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 days.

In one embodiment, the transformant and/or mutant host cell is cultured in a medium containing peptides, peptones, vitamins (e.g. B vitamins), trace elements (e.g. nitrogen, sulfur, magnesium), and minerals. Examples of such medium include, without limitation, commonly known Lysogeny broth (LB) mediums comprising tryptone, yeast extract and NaCl suspended in water (e.g. distilled or deionized).

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing cadaverine (1,5-pentanediamine) comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of:

1a) cultivating the transformant and/or mutant host cell as disclosed herein,

1b) producing cadaverine using the culture obtained from step 1a to decarboxylate lysine, and

1c) extracting and purifying cadaverine using the culture obtained from step 1 b.

In certain embodiments, the transformant and/or mutant host cell may be any of those as described herein.

Cultivating the transformant may comprise the steps of culturing the transformant as described supra.

As used herein, “using the culture obtained from step 1a” may comprise further processes of the culture obtained from step 1a. For example, using a buffer solution to dilute the culture; centrifuging the culture to collect the cells; resuspending the cells in a buffer solution; or lysing the cells into cell lysate; or/and purifying lysine decarboxylase from the cell lysate.

In another embodiment, step 1c of the method further comprises the following steps:

1d) separating the solid and liquid components of the reaction obtained from step 1b;

1e) adjusting the pH of the liquid component obtained from step 1d to about 14 or higher;

1f) removing water from the liquid component obtained from step 1e; and

1g) recovering cadaverine.

In step 1d, the separation of the solid and liquid components of the reaction of step 1b may be accomplished by conventional centrifugation and/or filtration.

In step 1e, the pH of the liquid component of step 1d may be adjusted by adding a base, e.g. NaOH. NaOH may be added as a solid and/or a solution (e.g. an aqueous solution).

In step 1f, the water may be removed by distillation at ambient pressure or under vacuum.

In step 1g, cadaverine may be recovered by distillation at ambient pressure or under vacuum.

Another aspect of the invention relates to biobased cadaverine prepared according to the method disclosed herein.

As used herein, a “biobased” compound means the compound is considered biobased under Standard ASTM D6866.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a polyamide having a structure of Structure 1:

-   -   including stereoisomers thereof, wherein:     -   m=4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,         21, or 22;     -   n=4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,         21, or 22;     -   j=about 100˜about 1,000,000; and     -   the polyamide is prepared from one or more diamines having         carbon numbers of m and one or more dicarboxylic acids having         carbon numbers of n, at least one of the diamines and         dicarboxylic acids comprises biobased carbon under Standard ASTM         D6866, and the m or n of each diamine or dicarboxylic acid can         be the same or different.

In one embodiment, the diamine is biobased cadaverine, more preferably biobased cadaverine prepared according to the method disclosed herein. Examples of the dicarboxylic acids include, without limitation, C₁₀dicarboxylic acid, C₁₁dicarboxylic acid, C₁₂dicarboxylic acid, C₁₃dicarboxylic acid, C₁₄dicarboxylic acid, C₁₆dicarboxylic acid, C₁₈dicarboxylic acid, and any combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, all or part of the C_(n)dicarboxylic acids are biobased.

In another embodiments, the polyamide has a structure described above, wherein:

-   -   the polyamide is formed by reacting biobased cadaverine with one         or more dicarboxylic acids, more preferably the biobased         cadaverine is prepared according to the method disclosed herein;     -   n=4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,         21, or 22;     -   j=about 100˜about 1,000,000, about 1000˜about 100,000, or about         1000˜about 10,000; and     -   the dicarboxylic acids comprise biobased carbon under Standard         ASTM D6866.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of making the polyamides disclosed herein comprising preparing biobased cadaverine as the Cmdiamine according to the method disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises preparing one or more biobased Cndicarboxylic acids.

In another embodiment, the method further comprises preparing the polyamide by reacting biobased cadaverine with one or more biobased Cndicarboxylic acids.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a composition comprising one or more polyamides disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, the diamine is biobased cadaverine, more preferably biobased cadaverine prepared according to the method disclosed herein. Examples of the dicarboxylic acids include, without limitation, C10dicarboxylic acid, C11dicarboxylic acid, C12dicarboxylic acid, C13dicarboxylic acid, C14dicarboxylic acid, C16dicarboxylic acid, C18dicarboxylic acid, and any combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, all or part of the Cndicarboxylic acids are biobased.

In another embodiment, the polyamide has a structure described above, wherein:

-   -   the polyamide is formed by reacting biobased cadaverine with one         or more dicarboxylic acids, more preferably the biobased         cadaverine is prepared according to the method disclosed herein;     -   n=4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,         21, or 22;     -   j=about 100˜about 1,000,000, about 1000˜about 100,000, or about         1000˜about 10,000; and     -   the dicarboxylic acids comprise biobased carbon under Standard         ASTM D6866.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of preparing 1,5-diisocyanatopentane comprising:

-   -   2a) preparing biobased cadaverine as disclosed herein; and     -   2b) converting biobased cadaverine obtained from step 2a to         1,5-diisocyanatopentane.

Step 2b may comprise using any known method to convert diamine into isocyanate. An example of said method is the traditional phosgene method, which includes one-step high temperature phosgene method (i.e. mixing phosgene with diamine at high temperature to obtain isocyanate), the improved two-step phosgene method, and the triphosgene method in which triphosgene is used instead of phosgene. There are also other methods that do not use phosgene as a raw material. An example of said method is hexanediamine carbonylation which uses CO2 instead of phosgene: CO2 is added into a solution of a primary amine and an organic base, then a proper amount of phosphorus electrophilic reagents is added into the reaction solution to start an exothermic dehydration reaction to obtain isocyanate. Another example is carbamate thermal decomposition method wherein a primary amine is converted to a carbamate, and then the carbamate is heated to decompose and generate isocyanate.

The abbreviations used for the amino acids, polypeptides, base sequences, and nucleic acids are based on the abbreviations specified in the IUPAC-IUB Communication on Biochemical Nomenclature, Eur. J. Biochem., 138:9 (1984), “Guideline for Preparing Specifications Including Base Sequences and Amino Acid Sequences” (United States Patent and Trademark Office), and those commonly used in this technical field.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense (i.e., to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to”), as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense. The words “herein,” “above,” “below,” “supra,” and words of similar import; when used in this application, refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The words “or,” and “and/or” in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.

In E. coli, lysine is known to be transported across the membrane into the cell through three pathways: one mediated by the lysine-specific permease LysP, another mediated by the ArgT ABC transporter that also recognizes arginine and ornithine, and the third is mediated by the lysine/cadaverine antiporter, CadB. Bacteria use pumps to transport antibiotics out of the cell and nutrients into a cell. Tetracyclines are antibiotics that stop protein synthesis and inhibit cell growth. Many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have evolved to express proteins that pump tetracycline out of the cell. To date, sixty-one tetracycline resistance genes have been sequenced in bacteria that produce or do not produce tetracyclines. The most commonly used tetracycline efflux pump in the laboratory is TetA, a protein that localizes to the inner membrane and catalyzes the exchange of monocationic magnesium-tetracycline chelate complex from inside the cell with a proton from outside the cell.

A mechanism that enables E. coli transport of lysine and lysine-derived products across the membrane is disclosed herein. As shown in the Examples below, the increased expression of tetracycline efflux pump protein, TetA, resulted in an increased production of lysine in E. coli. Additionally, the increased expression of TetA in both E. coli and H. alvei resulted in a higher yield of cadaverine, a metabolite derived from lysine. Therefore, the data provided herein indicate that tetracycline efflux pumps can be used to increase the yield of lysine and/or lysine derived products.

The following examples are intended to illustrate various embodiments of the invention. As such, the specific embodiments discussed are not to be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various equivalents, changes, and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of invention, and it is understood that such equivalent embodiments are to be included herein. Further, all references cited in the disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, as if fully set forth herein.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Construction of Strains Containing Plasmid Vectors that Encode a Tetracycline Efflux Pump

The E. coli gene, tetA (SEQ ID NO: 1), that encodes a tetracycline efflux pump, TetA (SEQ ID NO: 2), was amplified from the E. coli cloning vector pBR322 using the PCR primers tetA-F and tetA-R (FIG. 1). The amplified DNA was digested with the restriction enzymes SacI and XbaI, and ligated into a pUC18 plasmid vector and a pCIB10 plasmid vector to create pCIB17 and pCIB20, respectively (FIG. 2). pCIB17 was transformed into E. coli and H. alvei to create strains CIB17-EC and CIB17-HA, respectively (FIG. 2).

Example 2. Construction of Strains Containing Plasmid Vectors that Encode Either Wild-Type CadA or an Inactive CadA Mutant

A plasmid vector containing wild-type E. coli cadA, which encodes the lysine decarboxylase CadA (SEQ ID NO: 6), was constructed by cloning wild-type cadA into pUC18 to generate the positive control, pCIB60 (FIG. 2). A plasmid vector containing an inactive mutant cadA was constructed by truncating the C-terminus of cadA by introducing a premature stop codon which resulted in a mutation at amino acid 566 of CadA and a truncated CadA protein (CadA (aa1-565) (where “aa” is amino acids) (SEQ ID NO: 33). The primers cadAm1-F and cadAm1-R (FIG. 1) were used to amplify a fragment of cadA. The amplified mutant cadA and the pCIB60 plasmid were digested using the restriction enzymes XhoI and SphI. The digested mutant cadA was then ligated into the digested pCIB60 plasmid vector to replace the wild type cadA with the mutant cadA. The plasmid vector expressing the truncated cadA gene was designated as pCIB63 (FIG. 2). pCIB60 was transformed into E. coli and H. alvei to create the strains CIB60-EC and CIB60-HA, respectively. pCIB63 was transformed into E. coli and H. alvei to create the strains CIB63-EC and CIB63-HA, respectively (FIG. 2).

Example 3. Production of Cadaverine from E. coli and H. Alvei Strains Expressing a Recombinant Tetracycline Efflux Pump

A single colony of each strain was grown overnight in LB medium with ampicillin (100 μg/mL) in a 2.5 mL culture at 29° C. E. coli and H. alvei transformed with the empty vector, pUC18, were used as negative controls. The following day, 2.5 mL of minimal media was supplemented with ampicillin (100 μg/mL), and lysine-HCl and PLP to a final concentration of 20 g/L and 0.1 mM, respectively. Each culture was incubated at 37° C. for 5 hours and 21 hours. 1 mL of sample was taken from each culture at the 5- and 21-hour time points to quantify cadaverine production using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Cadaverine production at both time points from strains expressing the mutant, CadA (aa1-565), wild-type CadA or TetA is presented in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Production of cadaverine in E. coli and H. alvei by expression of CadA or TetA. 5 hrs 21 hrs Host Strain Enzyme(s) Gene(s) (g/kg) (g/kg) E. coli none none 0.20 N.A. CIB63-EC CadA (aa1-565) mutant cadA  2.99 ± 0.005 3.78 ± 0.04 CIB60-EC CadA cadA 8.93 ± 0.9 11.7 ± 0.02 CIB17-EC TetA tetA 5.14 ± 0.1 11.1 ± 0.5  H. alvei none none 1.27 N.A. CIB63-HA CadA (aa1-565) mutant cadA 0.24 N.A. CIB60-HA CadA cadA 9.64 ± 0.3 N.A. CIB17-HA TetA tetA 9.28 ± 1.8 N.A. N.A.: data not available

As indicated in Table 3, expression of TetA in E. coli resulted in a higher yield of cadaverine production as compared to the negative control (no enzyme) and the mutant CadA (aa1-565) (5 hours: 5.14 g/kg compared to 0.20 g/kg and 2.99 g/kg, respectively; 21 hours: 11.1 g/kg compared to N.A. and 3.78 g/kg). Also, expression of TetA in H. alvei resulted in a higher yield of cadaverine production as compared to the negative control (none) and the mutant CadA (aa1-565) (5 hours: 9.28 g/kg compared to 1.27 g/kg and 0.24 g/kg, respectively).

Example 4. Production of Cadaverine from E. coli Strains Co-Expressing a Recombinant Lysine Decarboxylase and a Recombinant Tetracycline Efflux Pump

The tetA gene was cloned into the pCIB60 plasmid vector behind the cadA gene. First, tetA was amplified from pBR322 using primers tetA-F2 and tetA-R2 (FIG. 1). Next, the amplified PCR product and pCIB60 plasmid vector were digested using the restriction enzymes XbaI and HindIII, and the products were ligated together to create pCIB77. pCIB77 was transformed into E. coli MG1655 K12 to create the strain CIB77 (FIG. 2).

A single colony of each strain was grown overnight in LB medium with ampicillin (100 μg/mL) in a 2.5 mL culture at 29° C. The following day, minimal media was supplemented with ampicillin (100 μg/mL), and lysine-HCl and PLP to a final concentration of 20 g/L and 0.1 mM, respectively. Each culture was incubated at 37° C. for 3 hours and 6 hours. 1 mL of sample was taken from each culture at the 3- and 6-hour time points to quantify cadaverine production using NMR. Cadaverine production at both time points from strains expressing CadA or TetA and CadA is presented in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Production of cadaverine in E. coli by expression of CadA or CadA and TetA. Host Strain Enzyme(s) Gene(s) 3 hrs (g/kg) 6 hrs (g/kg) None None 0.14 0.31 E. coli CIB60 CadA cadA 4.38 ± 0.65 6.20 ± 0.61 CIB77 TetA, CadA tetA, cadA 5.54 ± 1.30 8.06 ± 0.65

Table 4 indicates that expression of TetA and CadA together resulted in a higher yield of cadaverine production in E. coli when compared to expression of only CadA (3 hours: 5.54 g/kg compared to 4.38 g/kg, respectively; 6 hours: 8.06 g/kg compared to 6.20 g/kg, respectively).

Example 5: Production of Lysine from Strains Co-Expressing a Recombinant Tetracycline Efflux Pump and Recombinant Proteins (LysC, DapA, LysA) from the Lysine Biosynthetic Pathway

Three genes from E. coli, lysC, dapA, and lysA, encode proteins involved in the E. coli lysine biosynthetic pathway: aspartate kinase (LysC or AKIII, encoded by lysC), dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DapA or DHDPS, encoded by dapA), and diaminopimelate decarboxylase (LysA, encoded by lysA). The three genes were cloned into a plasmid vector and the three proteins, LysC (SEQ ID NO: 3), DapA (SEQ ID NO: 4), and LysA (SEQ ID NO: 5) were overexpressed in E. coli. The gene lysC was amplified from the E. coli MG1655 K12 genomic DNA using the primers lysC-F and lysC-R (FIG. 1), and the amplified fragment was digested using SacI and BamHI, and ligated into pUC18 to create pCIB7 (FIG. 2). The gene dapA was amplified from the E. coli MG1655 K12 genomic DNA using the primers dapA-F and dapA-R (FIG. 1), and the amplified fragment was digested using BamHI and XbaI, and ligated into pCIB7 to create pCIB8 (FIG. 2). The gene lysA was amplified from the E. coli MG1655 K12 genomic DNA using the primers lysA-F and lysA-R (FIG. 1), and the amplified fragment was digested using XbaI and Sail, and ligated into pCIB8 to create pCIB9. The three-gene operon was amplified from pCIB9 using the primers lysC-F and lysA-R (FIG. 1). The amplified product was digested using SacI and SalI, and the digested fragment was ligated into pCIB10 to create pCIB32 (FIG. 2). pCIB32 was transformed into E. coli to create the strain CIB32. CIB32 was further transformed with pCIB20, the plasmid containing the tetA gene.

A single colony was grown overnight at 37° C. in 3 mL of medium containing 4% glucose, 0.1% KH₂PO₄, 0.1% MgSO₄, 1.6% (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.001% FeSO₄, 0.001% MnSO₄, 0.2% yeast extract, 0.05% L-methionine, 0.01% L-threonine, 0.005% L-isoleucine, ampicillin (100 μg/mL), and tetracycline (10 μg/mL). The following day, each culture was inoculated into 100 mL of fresh medium with ampicillin (100 μg/mL) and tetracycline (10 μg/mL), and grown for 21 hours at 37° C., at which point the concentration of lysine in each culture was determined (Table 5).

TABLE 5 Production of lysine in E. coli by expression of TetA and proteins from the lysine biosynthetic pathway. Lysine Host Strain and Plasmid Enzyme(s) Gene(s) (mg/g) E. coli MG1655 K12 none none n.d. CIB32 LysC, DapA, lysC, dapA, 1.47 ± 0.05 LysA lysA CIB32 + pCIB20 LysC, DapA, lysC, dapA, 2.46 ± 0.03 LysA, TetA lysA, tetA n.d.: none detected

As indicated in Table 5, the expression of TetA along with proteins involved in the lysine biosynthetic pathway (i.e., CIB32+pCIB20) resulted in a higher yield of lysine as compared to expression of proteins involved in the lysine biosynthetic pathway without TetA (i.e., CIB32) (compare 2.46 mg/g to 1.47 mg/g).

Example 6: Production of Lysine from Strains Co-Expressing a Recombinant Tetracycline Efflux Pump and Recombinant Proteins (LysC, DapA, LysA, DapB, DapD, AspC, Asd) from the Lysine Biosynthetic Pathway

Next, the expression of four additional genes, asd, dapB, dapD, and aspC, which are involved in the lysine biosynthetic pathway of E. coli, was enhanced. These genes encode the following enzymes: aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (Asd (SEQ ID NO: 22), encoded by asd), dihydrodipicolinate reductase (DapB or DHDPR (SEQ ID NO: 23), encoded by dapB), tetrahydrodipicolinate succinylase (DapD (SEQ ID NO: 24), encoded by dapD), and aspartate transaminase (AspC (SEQ ID NO: 25), encoded by aspC). The gene asd was amplified from the E. coli MG1655 K12 genomic DNA using the primers asd-F and asd-R (FIG. 1), and the amplified fragment was digested using SacI and BamHI, and ligated into pUC18 to create pCIB12 (FIG. 2). The gene dapB was amplified from the E. coli MG1655 K12 genomic DNA using the primers dapB-F and dapB-R (FIG. 1), and the amplified fragment was digested using BamHI and XbaI, and ligated into pCIB12 to create pCIB13 (FIG. 2). The gene dapD was amplified from the E. coli MG1655 K12 genomic DNA using the primers dapD-F and dapD-R (FIG. 1), and the amplified fragment was digested using XbaI and Sail, and ligated into pCIB13 to create pCIB14 (FIG. 2). Similarly, the gene aspC was amplified from the E. coli MG1655 K12 genomic DNA using the primers aspC-F and aspC-R (FIG. 1), and the amplified fragment was digested using XbaI and Sail, and ligated into pCIB13 to create pCIB31 (FIG. 2). The gene tetA was amplified from pCIB20 using the primers tetA-F3 and tetA-R3 (FIG. 1), and the amplified fragment was digested using XhoI and SphI and ligated into pCIB14 and pCIB31 to generate plasmids pCIB15 and pCIB59, respectively (FIG. 2). pCIB59 and pCIB15 were each transformed into strain CIB32.

A single colony was grown overnight at 37° C. in 3 mL of medium containing 4% glucose, 0.1% KH₂PO₄, 0.1% MgSO₄, 1.6% (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.001% FeSO₄, 0.001% MnSO₄, 0.2% yeast extract, 0.05% L-methionine, 0.01% L-threonine, 0.005% L-isoleucine, ampicillin (100 μg/mL), and tetracycline (10 μg/mL). The following day, each culture was inoculated into 100 mL of fresh medium with ampicillin (100 μg/mL) and tetracycline (10 μg/mL), and grown for 21 hours at 37° C., at which point the concentration of lysine in each culture was determined (Table 6).

TABLE 6 Production of lysine in E. coli by expression of TetA and proteins from the lysine biosynthetic pathway Strain and Lysine Host Plasmid Enzyme(s) Gene(s) (mg/g) E. MG1655 none none n.d. coli K12 CIB32 LysC, DapA, LysA lysC, dapA, lysA 0.61 ± 0.02 CIB32 + LysC, DapA, LysA, lysC, dapA, lysA, 1.03 ± 0.01 pCIB20 TetA tetA CIB32 + LysC, DapA, LysA, lysC, dapA, lysA, 1.16 ± 0.03 pCIB15 Asd, DapB, DapD, asd, dapB, dapD, TetA tetA CIB32 + LysC, DapA, LysA, lysC, dapA, lysA, 1.14 ± 0.02 pCIB59 Asd, DapB, AspC, asd, dapB, aspC, TetA tetA n.d.: none detected

As indicated in Table 6, the expression of TetA along with proteins involved in the lysine biosynthetic pathway (i.e., CIB32+pCIB20, CIB32+pCIB15, and CIB32+pCIB59) resulted in a higher yield of lysine as compared to expression of proteins involved in the lysine biosynthetic pathway without TetA (i.e., CIB32) (compare 1.03 mg/g, 1.16 mg/g, and 1.14 mg/g to 0.61 mg/g).

Example 7: Production of Lysine from Strains Co-Expressing a Recombinant Tetracycline Efflux Pump and Various Aspartokinases

Various aspartokinases were expressed in order to increase lysine production. Two pairs of mutations were chosen that enabled the E. coli aspartokinase III (LysC or AKIII, encoded by lysC, SEQ ID NO: 3) to have an increased feedback resistance to lysine. The gene encoding the first mutant, LysC-1 (M318I, G323D) (SEQ. ID NO: 26) was constructed using the primers 318-F, 318-R, 323-F, 323-R (FIG. 1). The gene encoding the second mutant, LysC-2 (T344M, T352I) (SEQ. ID NO: 27), was constructed using the primers 344-F, 344-R, 352-F, 352-R (FIG. 1). The genes encoding LysC-1 (M318I, G323D) and LysC-2 (T344M, T352I) were cloned into pCIB32 and replaced the wild-type E. coli aspartokinase, LysC, to create the plasmids pCIB43 and pCIB44, respectively (FIG. 2). The aspartokinase from Streptomyces strains that is capable of producing polylysine was previously suggested, but not proven, to be more feedback resistant to lysine compared to E. coli aspartokinase. As such, the aspartokinase gene from Streptomyces lividans was codon optimized, synthesized, and cloned in place of wild-type lysC in pCIB32 in order to create the plasmid pCIB55 using the primers SlysC-F and SlysC-R (FIG. 1). The resulting aspartokinase protein that was expressed was named S-LysC (SEQ ID NO: 28). pCIB43, pCIB44, and pCIB55 were transformed into E. coli MG1655 to create the strains CIB43, CIB44, and CIB55, respectively (FIG. 2). pCIB59 was also transformed into CIB55.

A single colony was grown overnight at 37° C. in 3 mL of medium containing 4% glucose, 0.1% KH₂PO₄, 0.1% MgSO₄, 1.6% (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.001% FeSO₄, 0.001% MnSO₄, 0.2% yeast extract, 0.05% L-methionine, 0.01% L-threonine, 0.005% L-isoleucine, ampicillin (100 μg/mL), and tetracycline (10 μg/mL). The following day, each culture was inoculated into 100 mL of fresh medium with ampicillin (and tetracycline in the case of CIB55+pCIB59), and grown for 63 hours, at which point the concentration of lysine in each culture was determined.

TABLE 7 Production of lysine in E. coli by expression of TetA and proteins from the lysine biosynthetic pathway. Strain and Lysine Host Plasmid Enzyme(s) Gene(s) (mg/g) E. coli MG1655 K12 none none n.d. CIB32 LysC, DapA, LysA lysC, dapA, 0.48 ± 0.01 lysA CIB43 LysC-1 (M318I, G323D), lysC-1, dapA, 1.57 ± 0.02 DapA, LysA lysA CIB44 LysC-2 (T344M, T352I), lysC-2, dapA, 1.50 ± 0.02 DapA, LysA lysA CIB55 S-LysC, DapA, LysA S-lysC, dapA, 1.55 ± 0.02 lysA CIB55 + S-LysC, DapA, LysA, Asd, S-lysC, dapA, 1.66 ± 0.01 pCIB59 DapB, AspC, TetA lysA, asd, dapB, aspC, tetA n.d. = not detected

Example 8: Production of Lysine in E. coli

The two lysine operons consisting of the genes S-lysC, dapA, lysA, asd, dapB, and aspC were combined into a single vector. The operon from pCIB55 consisting of the genes S-lysC, dapA, and lysA was amplified using the primers SAL-F and SAL-R (FIG. 1). The operon from pCIB31 consisting of the genes asd, dapB, and aspC was amplified using the primers ABC-F and ABC-R (FIG. 1). The operon from pCIB59 consisting of the genes asd, dapB, and aspC and the tetA gene was amplified using the primers ABC-F and ABCT-R (FIG. 1). The products were digested using the restriction enzymes ApaI and KpnI. The digested products of pCIB55 and pCIB31 were ligated to form pCIB92 and the digested products of pCIB55 and pCIB59 were ligated to form pCIB103 (FIG. 2).

E. coli was used as a host to produce lysine. The plasmids, pUC18, pCIB92, and pCIB103 were independently co-transformed with pCIB110 into E. coli. Two colonies from each transformation were grown overnight at 37° C. in 3 mL of LB medium supplemented with ampicillin (100 mg/L) for 18 hours. The following day, each culture was assayed for cadaverine using NMR. The lysine production is shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Production of cadaverine in E. coli by expression of TetA and proteins from the lysine biosynthetic pathway Lysine Host Plasmids Enzyme(s) Gene(s) (mg/g) E. coli pUC18 none none n.d. pCIB92 S-LysC, DapA, S-lysC, dapA, 1.62 ± 0.02 LysA, Asd, DapB, lysA, asd, AspC dapB, aspC pCIB103 S-LysC, DapA, S-lysC, dapA, 1.70 ± 0.01 LysA, Asd, DapB, lysA, asd, AspC, TetA dapB, aspC, tetA n.d.: none detected

As indicated in Table 8, the expression of TetA along with proteins involved in the lysine biosynthetic pathway (i.e., pCIB103) resulted in a higher yield of cadaverine as compared to expression of proteins involved in the lysine biosynthetic pathway without TetA (i.e., pCIB92) (compare 1.70±0.01 g/kg to 1.62±0.02 g/kg).

Example 9: Production of Cadaverine in H. Alvei

H. alvei was used as a host to produce cadaverine without adding any additional lysine to the cell. The plasmids, pUC18, pCIB92, and p103 were independently transformed into H. alvei. Two colonies from each transformation were grown overnight at 37° C. in 3 mL of LB medium supplemented with ampicillin (100 mg/L) for 18 hours. The following day, each culture was assayed for cadaverine using NMR. The cadaverine production is shown in Table 8.

TABLE 9 Production of cadaverine in H. alvei by expression of TetA and proteins from the lysine biosynthetic pathway Cadaverine Host Plasmids Enzyme(s) Gene(s) (g/kg) H. alvei pUC18 none none 0.07 ± 0.04 pCIB92 S-LysC, DapA, S-lysC, dapA, 0.11 ± 0.005 LysA, Asd, lysA, asd, DapB, AspC dapB, aspC pCIB103 S-LysC, DapA, S-lysC, dapA, 0.36 ± 0.01 LysA, Asd, TetA lysA, asd, DapB, AspC, dapB, aspC, tetA n.d.: none detected

As indicated in Table 8, the expression of TetA along with proteins involved in the lysine biosynthetic pathway (i.e., pCIB103) resulted in a higher yield of cadaverine as compared to expression of proteins involved in the lysine biosynthetic pathway without TetA (i.e., pCIB92) (compare 0.36 g/kg to 0.11 g/kg).

Example 10: Increased Cadaverine Production from Mutant TetA

The full-length TetA protein is 396 amino acids long. Amber mutations (stop codons) were introduced into the tetA polynucleotide sequence in order to truncate TetA to determine whether the entire TetA protein is necessary for the increased production of cadaverine. Two truncations of the TetA protein were generated. The first truncation, TetA (aa1-185), was generated by using Splicing by Overlap Extension PCR (SOEing PCR) with the primers tetAm1-F, tetAm1-R, tetA-F2, and tetA-R2 (FIG. 1). This inserted a T after nucleotide 555 in order to create a premature stop codon in the tetA polynucleotide sequence (tetA (nt 1-558), where “nt” is nucleotides, SEQ ID NO: 29), which resulted in a mutation at amino acid 186 and a truncated form of TetA having amino acids 1-185 (SEQ ID NO: 30). The amplified product was cloned into pCIB60 (containing CadA) using the restriction enzymes XbaI and HindIII, and the products were ligated together to create pCIB97 (FIG. 2). The second truncation, TetA (aa1-96), was created using SOEing PCR with the primers tetAm2-F, tetAm2-R, tetA-F2, and tetA-R2 (FIG. 1). This inserted two nucleotides (AA) after nucleotide 289 in order to introduce a premature stop codon in the tetA polynucleotide sequence (tetA (nt 1-291), SEQ ID NO: 31), which resulted in a mutation at amino acid 97 and a truncated form of TetA having amino acids 1-96 (SEQ ID NO: 32). The amplified product was cloned into pCIB60 to create pCIB98. The plasmids pCIB97 and pCIB98 were transformed into E. coli MG1655 to create CIB97 and CIB98, respectively (FIG. 2).

A single colony of each strain was grown overnight in LB medium with ampicillin (100 μg/mL) in a 2 mL culture at 29° C. The following day, 0.9 mL of culture was added to 100 μL of lysine-HCL and 5 μL of PLP to a final concentration of 40 g/L and 0.1 mM, respectively. Each culture was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours. Each sample was quantified for cadaverine production using NMR (Table 9).

TABLE 9 Production of cadaverine in E. coli by expression of TetA and proteins from the lysine biosynthetic pathway Cadaverine Host Strain Enzyme(s) Gene(s) (g/kg) E. coli MG1655 K12 none none n.d. CIB60 CadA cadA 1.1 ± 0.1 CIB77 TetA, CadA tetA, cadA 2.0 ± 1.3 CIB97 TetA (1-185), tetA (nt 1-558), 1.8 ± 0.1 CadA cadA CIB98 TetA (1-96), tetA (nt 1-291), 2.6 ± 0.9 CadA cadA n.d.: none detected

As indicated in Table 9, the expression of TetA with CadA and the truncated forms of TetA with CadA resulted in an increased production of cadaverine compared with expression of CadA alone (compare 2.0 g/kg (CIB77), 1.8 g/kg (CIB97) and 2.6 g/kg (CIB98) compared to 1.1 g/kg (CIB60)). The amount of cadaverine produced with the expression of both TetA mutants (TetA (aa1-185) and TetA (aa1-96)) was comparable to the amount of cadaverine produced with the expression of wild type TetA (2.0 g/kg), with cells expressing TetA (aa1-96) producing the most cadaverine (2.6 g/kg).

Sequence Listings

SEQ ID NO: 1 (Escherichia coli tetA polynucleotide sequence)  ATGAAATCTAACAATGCGCTCATCGTCATCCTCGGCACCGTCACCCTGGATGCTGTAGGCATAGGCTTGGT TATGCCGGTACTGCCGGGCCTCTTGCGGGATATCGTCCATTCCGACAGCATCGCCAGTCACTATGGCGTGC TGCTAGCGCTATATGCGTTGATGCAATTTCTATGCGCACCCGTTCTCGGAGCACTGTCCGACCGCTTTGGC CGCCGCCCAGTCCTGCTCGCTTCGCTACTTGGAGCCACTATCGACTACGCGATCATGGCGACCACACCCGT CCTGTGGATCCTCTACGCCGGACGCATCGTGGCCGGCATCACCGGCGCCACAGGTGCGGTTGCTGGCGCCT ATATCGCCGACATCACCGATGGGGAAGATCGGGCTCGCCACTTCGGGCTCATGAGCGCTTGTTTCGGCGTG GGTATGGTGGCAGGCCCCGTGGCCGGGGGACTGTTGGGCGCCATCTCCTTGCATGCACCATTCCTTGCGGC GGCGGTGCTCAACGGCCTCAACCTACTACTGGGCTGCTTCCTAATGCAGGAGTCGCATAAGGGAGAGCGTC GACCGATGCCCTTGAGAGCCTTCAACCCAGTCAGCTCCTTCCGGTGGGCGCGGGGCATGACTATCGTCGCC GCACTTATGACTGTCTTCTTTATCATGCAACTCGTAGGACAGGTGCCGGCAGCGCTCTGGGTCATTTTCGG CGAGGACCGCTTTCGCTGGAGCGCGACGATGATCGGCCTGTCGCTTGCGGTATTCGGAATCTTGCACGCCC TCGCTCAAGCCTTCGTCACTGGTCCCGCCACCAAACGTTTCGGCGAGAAGCAGGCCATTATCGCCGGCATG GCGGCCGACGCGCTGGGCTACGTCTTGCTGGCGTTCGCGACGCGAGGCTGGATGGCCTTCCCCATTATGAT TCTTCTCGCTTCCGGCGGCATCGGGATGCCCGCGTTGCAGGCCATGCTGTCCAGGCAGGTAGATGACGACC ATCAGGGACAGCTTCAAGGATCGCTCGCGGCTCTTACCAGCCTAACTTCGATCATTGGACCGCTGATCGTC ACGGCGATTTATGCCGCCTCGGCGAGCACATGGAACGGGTTGGCATGGATTGTAGGCGCCGCCCTATACCT TGTCTGCCTCCCCGCGTTGCGTCGCGGTGCATGGAGCCGGGCCACCTCGACCTGA SEQ ID NO: 2 (Escherichia coli TetA polypeptide sequence, encoded by tetA gene) MKSNNALIVILGTVTLDAVGIGLVMPVLPGLLRDIVHSDSIASHYGVLLALYALMQFLCAPVLGALSDRFG RRPVLLASLLGATIDYAIMATTPVLWILYAGRIVAGITGATGAVAGAYIADITDGEDRARHFGLMSACFGV GMVAGPVAGGLLGAISLHAPFLAAAVLNGLNLLLGCFLMQESHKGERRPMPLRAFNPVSSFRWARGMTIVA ALMTVFFIMQLVGQVPAALWVIFGEDRFRWSATMIGLSLAVFGILHALAQAFVTGPATKRFGEKQAIIAGM AADALGYVLLAFATRGWMAFPIMILLASGGIGMPALQAMLSRQVDDDHQGQLQGSLAALTSLTSIIGPLIV TAIYAASASTWNGLAWIVGAALYLVCLPALRRGAWSRATST SEQ ID NO: 3 (Escherichia coli aspartokinase III polypeptide sequence,  LysC, encoded by lysC gene) MSEIVVSKFGGTSVADFDAMNRSADIVLSDANVRLVVLSASAGITNLLVALAEGLEPGERFEKLDAIRNIQ FAILERLRYPNVIREEIERLLENITVLAEAAALATSPALTDELVSHGELMSTLLFVEILRERDVQAQWFDV RKVMRTNDRFGRAEPDIAALAELAALQLLPRLNEGLVITQGFIGSENKGRTTTLGRGGSDYTAALLAEALH ASRVDIWTDVPGIYTTDPRVVSAAKRIDEIAFAEAAEMATFGAKVLHPATLLPAVRSDIPVFVGSSKDPRA GGTLVCNKTENPPLFRALALRRNQTLLTLHSLNMLHSRGFLAEVFGILARHNISVDLITTSEVSVALTLDT TGSTSTGDTLLTQSLLMELSALCRVEVEEGLALVALIGNDLSKACGVGKEVFGVLEPFNIRMICYGASSHN LCFLVPGEDAEQVVQKLHSNLFE SEQ ID NO: 4 (Escherichia coli dihydrodipicolinate synthase polypeptide  sequence, DapA, encoded by dapA gene) MFTGSIVAIVTPMDEKGNVCRASLKKLIDYHVASGTSAIVSVGTTGESATLNHDEHADVVMMTLDLADGRI PVIAGTGANATAEAISLTQRFNDSGIVGCLTVTPYYNRPSQEGLYQHFKAIAEHTDLPQILYNVPSRTGCD LLPETVGRLAKVKNIIGIKEATGNLTRVNQIKELVSDDFVLLSGDDASALDFMQLGGHGVISVTANVAARD MAQMCKLAAEGHFAEARVINQRLMPLHNKLFVEPNPIPVKWACKELGLVATDTLRLPMTPITDSGRETVRA ALKHAGLL SEQ ID NO: 5 (Escherichia coli meso-diaminopimelate decarboxylase  polypeptide sequence, LysA, encoded by lysA gene) MPHSLFSTDTDLTAENLLRLPAEFGCPVWVYDAQIIRRQIAALKQFDVVRFAQKACSNIHILRLMREQGVK VDSVSLGEIERALAAGYNPQTHPDDIVFTADVIDQATLERVSELQIPVNAGSVDMLDQLGQVSPGHRVWLR VNPGFGHGHSQKTNTGGENSKHGIWYTDLPAALDVIQRHHLQLVGIHMHIGSGVDYAHLEQVCGAMVRQVI EFGQDLQAISAGGGLSVPYQQGEEAVDTEHYYGLWNAAREQIARHLGHPVKLEIEPGRFLVAQSGVLITQV RSVKQMGSRHFVLVDAGFNDLMRPAMYGSYHHISALAADGRSLEHAPTVETVVAGPLCESGDVFTQQEGGN VETRALPEVKAGDYLVLHDTGAYGASMSSNYNSRPLLPEVLFDNGQARLIRRRQTIEELLALELL SEQ ID NO: 6 (Escherichia coli CadA polypeptide sequence, encoded by  cadA gene) MNVIAILNHMGVYFKEEPIRELHRALERLNFQIVYPNDRDDLLKLIENNARLCGVIFDWDKYNLELCEEIS KMNENLPLYAFANTYSTLDVSLNDLRLQISFFEYALGAAEDIANKIKQTTDEYINTILPPLTKALFKYVRE GKYTFCTPGHMGGTAFQKSPVGSLFYDFFGPNTMKSDISISVSELGSLLDHSGPHKEAEQYIARVFNADRS YMVTNGTSTANKIVGMYSAPAGSTILIDRNCHKSLTHLMMMSDVTPIYFRPTRNAYGILGGIPQSEFQHAT IAKRVKETPNATWPVHAVITNSTYDGLLYNTDFIKKTLDVKSIHFDSAWVPYTNFSPIYEGKCGMSGGRVE GKVIYETQSTHKLLAAFSQASMIHVKGDVNEETFNEAYMMHTTTSPHYGIVASTETAAAMMKGNAGKRLIN GSIERAIKFRKEIKRLRTESDGWFFDVWQPDHIDTTECWPLRSDSTWHGFKNIDNEHMYLDPIKVTLLTPG MEKDGTMSDFGIPASIVAKYLDEHGIVVEKTGPYNLLFLFSIGIDKTKALSLLRALTDFKRAFDLNLRVKN MLPSLYREDPEFYENMRIQELAQNIHKLIVHHNLPDLMYRAFEVLPTMVMTPYAAFQKELHGMTEEVYLDE MVGRINANMILPYPPGVPLVMPGEMITEESRPVLEFLQMLCEIGAHYPGFETDIHGAYRQADGRYTVKVLK EESKK SEQ ID NO: 7 (Escherichia coli LdcC polypeptide sequence (encoded by  ldcC gene)) MNIIAIMGPHGVFYKDEPIKELESALVAQGFQIIWPQNSVDLLKFIEHNPRICGVIFDWDEYSLDLCSDIN QLNEYLPLYAFINTHSTMDVSVQDMRMALWFFEYALGQAEDIAIRMRQYTDEYLDNITPPFTKALFTYVKE RKYTFCTPGHMGGTAYQKSPVGCLFYDFFGGNTLKADVSISVTELGSLLDHTGPHLEAEEYIARTFGAEQS YIVTNGTSTSNKIVGMYAAPSGSTLLIDRNCHKSLAHLLMMNDVVPVWLKPTRNALGILGGIPRREFTRDS IEEKVAATTQAQWPVHAVITNSTYDGLLYNTDWIKQTLDVPSIHFDSAWVPYTHFHPIYQGKSGMSGERVA GKVIFETQSTHKMLAALSQASLIHIKGEYDEEAFNEAFMMHTTTSPSYPIVASVETAAAMLRGNPGKRLIN RSVERALHFRKEVQRLREESDGWFFDIWQPPQVDEAECWPVAPGEQWHGFNDADADHMFLDPVKVTILTPG MDEQGNMSEEGIPAALVAKFLDERGIVVEKTGPYNLLFLFSIGIDKTKAMGLLRGLTEFKRSYDLNLRIKN MLPDLYAEDPDFYRNMRIQDLAQGIHKLIRKHDLPGLMLRAFDTLPEMIMTPHQAWQRQIKGEVETIALEQ LVGRVSANMILPYPPGVPLLMPGEMLTKESRTVLDFLLMLCSVGQHYPGFETDIHGAKQDEDGVYRVRVLK MAG SEQ ID NO: 8 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ldc2 polynucleotide sequence)  ATGTATAAAGACCTCAAATTTCCCGTCCTCATCGTCCATCGCGACATCAAGGCCGACACCGTTGCCGGCGA ACGCGTGCGGGGCATCGCCCACGAACTGGAGCAGGACGGCTTCAGCATTCTCTCCACCGCCAGCTCCGCCG AGGGGCGCATCGTCGCTTCCACCCACCACGGCCTGGCCTGCATTCTGGTCGCCGCCGAAGGTGCCGGGGAA AACCAGCGCCTGCTGCAGGATGTGGTCGAACTGATCCGCGTGGCCCGCGTGCGGGCGCCGCAATTGCCGAT CTTCGCCCTCGGCGAGCAGGTGACCATCGAGAACGCGCCGGCCGAGTCCATGGCCGACCTGCACCAGTTGC GCGGCATCCTCTACCTGTTCGAAGACACCGTGCCGTTCCTCGCCCGCCAGGTCGCCCGGGCGGCGCGCAAC TACCTGGCCGGGCTGCTGCCGCCATTCTTCCGTGCGCTGGTCGAGCACACCGCGCAGTCCAACTATTCCTG GCATACGCCGGGCCACGGCGGCGGTGTCGCCTATCGCAAGAGTCCGGTGGGACAGGCGTTCCACCAGTTCT TCGGGGAGAACACGCTGCGTTCCGACCTGTCGGTCTCGGTCCCCGAGCTGGGATCGCTGCTCGACCATACC GGCCCCCTGGCCGAGGCCGAGGACCGTGCCGCGCGCAATTTCGGCGCCGACCATACCTTCTTCGTGATCAA TGGCACTTCCACCGCGAACAAGATCGTCTGGCACTCCATGGTCGGTCGCGAAGACCTGGTGCTGGTGGACC GCAACTGCCACAAGTCGATCCTCCACTCGATCATCATGACCGGGGCGATACCGCTCTACCTGACTCCGGAA CGCAACGAACTGGGGATCATCGGGCCGATCCCGCTGAGCGAATTCAGCAAGCAGTCGATCGCCGCGAAGAT CGCCGCCAGCCCGCTGGCGCGCGGCCGCGAGCCGAAGGTGAAGCTGGCGGTGGTGACTAACTCCACCTACG ACGGCCTGTGCTACAACGCCGAGCTGATCAAGCAGACCCTCGGCGACAGCGTCGAGGTGTTGCACTTCGAC GAGGCTTGGTACGCCTATGCCGCGTTCCACGAGTTCTACGACGGACGCTATGGCATGGGCACCTCGCGCAG CGAGGAGGGACCCCTGGTGTTCGCCACCCACTCCACGCACAAGATGCTCGCCGCCTTCAGCCAGGCCTCGA TGATCCACGTGCAGGATGGCGGGACCCGGAAGCTGGACGTGGCGCGCTTCAACGAAGCCTTCATGATGCAC ATCTCGACCTCGCCGCAGTACGGCATCATCGCTTCGCTGGACGTGGCTTCGGCGATGATGGAAGGGCCCGC CGGGCGTTCGCTGATCCAGGAGACCTTCGACGAGGCCCTCAGCTTCCGCCGGGCCCTGGCCAACGTACGGC AGAACCTGGACCGGAACGACTGGTGGTTCGGCGTCTGGCAGCCGGAGCAGGTGGAGGGCACCGACCAGGTC GGCACCCATGACTGGGTGCTGGAGCCGAGCGCCGACTGGCACGGCTTCGGCGATATCGCCGAAGACTACGT GCTGCTCGACCCGATCAAGGTCACCCTGACCACCCCGGGCCTGAGCGCTGGCGGCAAGCTCAGCGAGCAGG GGATTCCGGCCGCCATCGTCAGCCGCTTCCTCTGGGAGCGCGGGCTGGTGGTGGAGAAAACCGGTCTCTAC TCCTTCCTGGTGCTGTTCTCGATGGGCATCACCAAGGGCAAGTGGAGCACCCTGGTCACCGAACTGCTCGA ATTCAAGCGCTGTTACGACGCCAACCTGCCGCTGCTTGACGTCTTGCCCTCCGTGGCCCAGGCCGGCGGCA AGCGCTACAACGGAGTGGGCCTGCGCGACCTCAGCGACGCCATGCACGCCAGCTACCGCGACAACGCCACG GCGAAGGCCATGAAGCGCATGTACACGGTGCTGCCGGAGGTCGCGATGCGGCCGTCCGAGGCCTACGACAA GCTGGTGCGCGGCGAGGTCGAGGCGGTACCGATCGCTCGGTTGGAAGGGCGCATCGCGGCCGTCATGCTGG TACCCTATCCGCCGGGTATCCCGCTGATCATGCCGGGTGAGCGCTTCACCGAGGCGACCCGCTCGATCCTC GACTATCTCGAGTTCGCGCGGACCTTCGAGCGCGCCTTCCCTGGTTTCGACTCCGATGTGCATGGCCTGCA GCATCAGGACGGACCGTCCGGGCGCTGCTATACCGTTGAATGCATAAAGGAATGA SEQ ID NO: 9 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ldc2 polypeptide sequence (encoded by ldc2 gene))  MYKDLKFPVLIVHRDIKADTVAGERVRGIAHELEQDGFSILSTASSAEGRIVASTHHGLACILVAAEGAGE NQRLLQDVVELIRVARVRAPQLPIFALGEQVTIENAPAESMADLHQLRGILYLFEDTVPFLARQVARAARN YLAGLLPPFFRALVEHTAQSNYSWHTPGHGGGVAYRKSPVGQAFHQFFGENTLRSDLSVSVPELGSLLDHT GPLAEAEDRAARNFGADHTFFVINGTSTANKIVWHSMVGREDLVLVDRNCHKSILHSIIMTGAIPLYLTPE RNELGIIGPIPLSEFSKQSIAAKIAASPLARGREPKVKLAVVTNSTYDGLCYNAELIKQTLGDSVEVLHFD EAWYAYAAFHEFYDGRYGMGTSRSEEGPLVFATHSTHKMLAAFSQASMIHVQDGGTRKLDVARFNEAFMMH ISTSPQYGIIASLDVASAMMEGPAGRSLIQETFDEALSFRRALANVRQNLDRNDWWFGVWQPEQVEGTDQV GTHDWVLEPSADWHGFGDIAEDYVLLDPIKVTLTTPGLSAGGKLSEQGIPAAIVSRFLWERGLVVEKTGLY SFLVLFSMGITKGKWSTLVTELLEFKRCYDANLPLLDVLPSVAQAGGKRYNGVGLRDLSDAMHASYRDNAT AKAMKRMYTVLPEVAMRPSEAYDKLVRGEVEAVPIARLEGRIAAVMLVPYPPGIPLIMPGERFTEATRSIL DYLEFARTFERAFPGFDSDVHGLQHQDGPSGRCYTVECIKE SEQ ID NO: 10 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ldc2-co1 DNA sequence)) ATGTACAAAGATCTGAAATTCCCTGTTCTGATTGTACACCGCGATATCAAGGCGGACACGGTAGCCGGCGA GCGTGTTCGCGGTATTGCCCACGAACTCGAACAAGACGGCTTTAGCATTCTCTCTACGGCGTCTTCTGCGG AAGGCCGCATTGTGGCTAGCACGCACCACGGTCTCGCCTGCATCCTCGTGGCAGCTGAGGGTGCGGGTGAG AATCAGCGTCTGCTCCAAGACGTGGTTGAGCTGATCCGTGTAGCTCGCGTCCGTGCGCCACAGCTCCCGAT CTTCGCGCTGGGCGAACAGGTGACTATTGAAAACGCGCCTGCCGAATCTATGGCCGACCTGCACCAGCTCC GCGGCATTCTGTATCTCTTCGAGGATACTGTCCCGTTCCTGGCACGTCAGGTTGCACGCGCAGCGCGTAAC TACCTCGCTGGCCTCCTCCCGCCATTCTTCCGTGCACTCGTGGAGCACACGGCCCAAAGCAATTACTCTTG GCACACCCCGGGTCACGGTGGTGGTGTCGCTTACCGTAAATCTCCGGTAGGTCAAGCTTTCCACCAGTTCT TTGGCGAGAATACCCTCCGCTCTGACCTGTCTGTTAGCGTTCCAGAGCTGGGCAGCCTGCTGGATCACACT GGCCCTCTCGCGGAAGCAGAGGATCGTGCCGCTCGCAATTTCGGTGCGGACCACACCTTCTTTGTCATCAA TGGTACCTCTACTGCGAACAAAATCGTTTGGCACTCTATGGTTGGTCGCGAGGACCTGGTGCTGGTCGATC GTAACTGTCACAAATCTATTCTGCACTCCATTATCATGACGGGTGCTATCCCACTGTACCTGACTCCGGAA CGCAACGAACTGGGTATTATCGGCCCTATTCCACTCTCCGAGTTTTCTAAACAATCTATCGCAGCAAAAAT TGCCGCCTCCCCACTCGCGCGTGGTCGTGAACCGAAAGTTAAACTGGCTGTCGTTACCAACTCTACCTATG ACGGTCTGTGTTACAACGCGGAACTGATCAAACAAACCCTCGGCGACTCTGTCGAGGTACTGCATTTCGAC GAGGCTTGGTATGCTTATGCGGCGTTTCACGAGTTCTACGACGGCCGCTACGGTATGGGCACTTCTCGTTC CGAAGAGGGTCCGCTGGTCTTTGCTACCCATTCTACCCACAAGATGCTCGCGGCTTTTTCCCAAGCTAGCA TGATTCACGTTCAGGATGGTGGTACGCGCAAGCTGGACGTCGCCCGCTTTAACGAAGCCTTTATGATGCAC ATCAGCACCTCTCCACAGTACGGCATCATTGCGTCTCTCGATGTCGCAAGCGCTATGATGGAAGGTCCTGC CGGTCGTAGCCTGATCCAAGAGACGTTCGATGAGGCGCTGTCCTTCCGTCGTGCTCTGGCGAATGTCCGTC AGAACCTGGACCGTAATGATTGGTGGTTCGGTGTCTGGCAACCGGAGCAGGTTGAGGGCACCGACCAGGTA GGTACTCACGACTGGGTTCTCGAGCCTAGCGCGGACTGGCATGGTTTTGGTGACATTGCGGAGGATTACGT TCTCCTCGATCCTATCAAAGTTACCCTGACCACCCCAGGTCTGAGCGCTGGCGGTAAACTCTCTGAACAAG GCATCCCGGCAGCTATCGTTAGCCGTTTCCTGTGGGAACGTGGTCTGGTGGTCGAGAAAACGGGTCTGTAC TCTTTCCTGGTTCTGTTCTCCATGGGTATCACGAAAGGCAAATGGTCTACTCTGGTTACCGAGCTGCTCGA ATTCAAACGCTGTTACGACGCGAATCTGCCACTCCTGGATGTGCTGCCTTCTGTAGCGCAGGCGGGTGGTA AACGCTATAACGGTGTAGGTCTGCGTGATCTGTCCGATGCCATGCACGCTTCTTATCGTGACAATGCCACG GCGAAGGCCATGAAGCGTATGTATACGGTGCTCCCGGAAGTAGCCATGCGCCCGTCCGAAGCTTATGATAA GCTCGTACGCGGTGAAGTCGAAGCTGTTCCTATTGCACGTCTCGAGGGTCGTATTGCGGCGGTTATGCTGG TTCCGTACCCGCCAGGTATCCCGCTCATTATGCCGGGTGAACGTTTTACTGAAGCTACCCGCTCCATTCTG GACTATCTGGAGTTTGCCCGTACCTTCGAGCGCGCGTTCCCGGGCTTTGACTCTGATGTTCACGGCCTCCA ACATCAAGATGGCCCGTCTGGCCGTTGTTATACCGTTGAATGCATCAAGGAATAA SEQ ID NO: 11 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant Ldc2 S111C polypeptide sequence (encoded by mutant ldc2 gene)) MYKDLKFPVLIVHRDIKADTVAGERVRGIAHELEQDGFSILSTASSAEGRIVASTHHGLACILVAAEGAGE NQRLLQDVVELIRVARVRAPQLPIFALGEQVTIENAPAECMADLHQLRGILYLFEDTVPFLARQVARAARN YLAGLLPPFFRALVEHTAQSNYSWHTPGHGGGVAYRKSPVGQAFHQFFGENTLRSDLSVSVPELGSLLDHT GPLAEAEDRAARNFGADHTFFVINGTSTANKIVWHSMVGREDLVLVDRNCHKSILHSIIMTGAIPLYLTPE RNELGIIGPIPLSEFSKQSIAAKIAASPLARGREPKVKLAVVTNSTYDGLCYNAELIKQTLGDSVEVLHFD EAWYAYAAFHEFYDGRYGMGTSRSEEGPLVFATHSTHKMLAAFSQASMIHVQDGGTRKLDVARFNEAFMMH ISTSPQYGIIASLDVASAMMEGPAGRSLIQETFDEALSFRRALANVRQNLDRNDWWFGVWQPEQVEGTDQV GTHDWVLEPSADWHGFGDIAEDYVLLDPIKVTLTTPGLSAGGKLSEQGIPAAIVSRFLWERGLVVEKTGLY SFLVLFSMGITKGKWSTLVTELLEFKRCYDANLPLLDVLPSVAQAGGKRYNGVGLRDLSDAMHASYRDNAT AKAMKRMYTVLPEVAMRPSEAYDKLVRGEVEAVPIARLEGRIAAVMLVPYPPGIPLIMPGERFTEATRSIL DYLEFARTFERAFPGFDSDVHGLQHQDGPSGRCYTVECIKE SEQ ID NO: 12 (aat)  >gb|AY271828.1|:385-1717 H. alvei plasmid pAlvA, complete sequence    1 ttgactttgt taaaagtcag gcataagatc aaaatactgt atatataaca atgtatttat   61 atacagtatt ttatactttt tatctaacgt cagagagggc aatattatga gtggtggaga  121 tggcaagggt cacaatagtg gagcacatga ttccggtggc agcattaatg gaacttctgg  181 gaaaggtggg ccatcaagcg gaggagcatc agataattct gggtggagtt cggaaaataa  241 cccgtggggc ggtggtaact cgggaatgat tggtggcagt caaggaggta acggagctaa  301 tcatggtggc gaaaatacat cttctaacta tgggaaagat gtatcacgcc aaatcggtga  361 tgcgatagcc agaaaggaag gcatcaatcc gaaaatattc actgggtact ttatccgttc  421 agatggatat ttgatcggaa taacgccact tgtcagtggt gatgcctttg gcgttaatct  481 tggcctgttc aataacaatc aaaatagtag tagtgaaaat aagggatgga atggaaggaa  541 tggagatggc attaaaaata gtagccaagg tggatggaag attaaaacta atgaacttac  601 ttcaaaccaa gtagctgctg ctaaatccgt tccagaacct aaaaatagta aatattataa  661 gtccatgaga gaagctagcg atgaggttat taattctaat ttaaaccaag ggcatggagt  721 tggtgaggca gctagagctg aaagagatta cagagaaaaa gtaaagaacg caatcaatga  781 taatagtccc aatgtgctac aggatgctat taaatttaca gcagattttt ataaggaagt  841 ttttaacgct tacggagaaa aagccgaaaa actagccaag ttattagctg atcaagctaa  901 aggtaaaaag atccgcaatg tagaagatgc attgaaatct tatgaaaaac acaaggctaa  961 cattaacaaa aaaatcaatg cgaaagatcg cgaagctatc gccaaggctt tggagtctat 1021 ggatgtagaa aaagccgcaa aaaatatatc caagttcagc aaaggactag gttgggttgg 1081 cccagctatc gatataactg attggtttac agaattatac aaagcagtga aaactgataa 1141 ttggagatct ctttatgtta aaactgaaac tattgcagta gggctagctg caacccatgt 1201 caccgcctta gcattcagtg ctgtcttggg tgggcctata ggtattttag gttatggttt 1261 gattatggct ggggttgggg cgttagttaa cgagacaata gttgacgagg caaataaggt 1321 cattgggatt taa SEQ ID NO: 13 (aai)  >gb|AY271828.1|:1734-2069 HI alvei plasmid pAlvA, complete sequence   1 ctatatttta gcggtcacat tttttatttc aaaacaaaca gaaagaacac caataggaat  61 tgatgtcata aaaataaaaa taaaatacaa agtcattaaa tatgtttttg gcacaccatc 121 cttaaaaaaa cctgttttcc aaaattcttt tttcgtatat ctaagcgctg ctttctctat 181 tagaaaccga gagaaaggaa atagaatagc gctagccaaa ccaaagattc tgagcgcaat 241 tattttaggt tcgtcatcac cataactggc gtaaagaata caagcagcca taaagtatcc 301 ccaaaacata ttatgtatgt aatatttcct tgtcat SEQ ID NO: 14 (abt)  >gb|AY271829.1|:384-1566 H. alvei plasmid pAlvB, complete sequence    1 atgagtggtg gagacggtaa aggtcacaat agtggagcac atgattccgg tggcagcatt   61 aatggaactt cggggaaagg tggacctgat tctggtggcg gatattggga caaccatcca  121 catattacaa tcaccggtgg acgggaagta ggtcaagggg gagctggtat caactggggt  181 ggtggttctg gtcatggtaa cggcgggggc tcagttgcca tccaagaata taacacgagt  241 aaatatccta acacgggagg atttcctcct cttggagacg ctagctggct gttaaatcct  301 ccaaaatggt cggttattga agtaaaatca gaaaactcag catggcgctc ttatattact  361 catgttcaag gtcatgttta caaattgact tttgatggta cgggtaagct cattgatacc  421 gcgtatgtta attatgaacc cagtgatgat actcgttgga gcccgcttaa aagttttaaa  481 tataataaag gaaccgctga aaaacaggtt agggatgcca ttaacaatga aaaagaagca  541 gttaaggacg ctgttaaatt tactgcagac ttctataaag aggtttttaa ggtttacgga  601 gaaaaagccg agaagctcgc taagttatta gcagatcaag ctaaaggcaa aaaggttcgc  661 aacgtagaag atgccttgaa atcttatgaa aaatataaga ctaacattaa caaaaaaatc  721 aatgcgaaag atcgcgaagc tattgctaaa gccttggagt ctatggatgt aggaaaagcc  781 gcaaaaaata tagccaagtt cagtaaagga ctaggttggg ttggccctgc tatcgatata  841 actgattggt ttacagaatt atacaaggca gtggaaactg ataattggag atctttttat  901 gttaaaactg aaactattgc agtagggcta gctgcaaccc atgttgccgc cttggcattc  961 agcgctgtct tgggtgggcc tgtaggtatt ttgggttatg gtttgattat ggctggggtt 1021 ggggcgttag ttaatgagac aatagttgac gaggcaaata aggttattgg gctttaa SEQ ID NO: 15 (abi)  >gb|AY271829.1|:1583-1918 H. alvei plasmid pAlvB, complete sequence    1 ctataattta gcggtcacat tttttatttc aaaaaaaaca gaaataacac ctataggaat   61 tgatgtcata aaaataaaaa ttaaatacaa agtcattaaa tatgtttttg gcacgccatc  121 cttaaaaaaa ccagtttccc aaaattcttt tttcgtatat ctaagcgcgg ttttctctat  181 taaaaaccga gagaaaggga ataggatagc actagccaaa ccaaagattc tgagcgcaat  241 tattttaggt tcgttatccc cataactggc gtaaagaata caaacagcca taaagtaccc  301 ccaaaacata ttatgtatat aatatttcct tgtcat  SEQ ID NO: 16 (Ldc2 N262T protein sequence) MYKDLKFPVLIVHRDIKADTVAGERVRGIAHELEQDGFSILSTASSAEGRIVASTHHGLACILVAAEGAGE NQRLLQDVVELIRVARVRAPQLPIFALGEQVTIENAPAESMADLHQLRGILYLFEDTVPFLARQVARAARN YLAGLLPPFFRALVEHTAQSNYSWHTPGHGGGVAYRKSPVGQAFHQFFGENTLRSDLSVSVPELGSLLDHT GPLAEAEDRAARNFGADHTFFVINGTSTANKIVWHSMVGREDLVLVDRTCHKSILHSIIMTGAIPLYLTPE RNELGIIGPIPLSEFSKQSIAAKIAASPLARGREPKVKLAVVTNSTYDGLCYNAELIKQTLGDSVEVLHFD EAWYAYAAFHEFYDGRYGMGTSRSEEGPLVFATHSTHKMLAAFSQASMIHVQDGGTRKLDVARFNEAFMMH ISTSPQYGIIASLDVASAMMEGPAGRSLIQETFDEALSFRRALANVRQNLDRNDWWFGVWQPEQVEGTDQV GTHDWVLEPSADWHGFGDIAEDYVLLDPIKVTLTTPGLSAGGKLSEQGIPAAIVSRFLWERGLVVEKTGLY SFLVLFSMGITKGKWSTLVTELLEFKRCYDANLPLLDVLPSVAQAGGKRYNGVGLRDLSDAMHASYRDNAT AKAMKRMYTVLPEVAMRPSEAYDKLVRGEVEAVPIARLEGRIAAVMLVPYPPGIPLIMPGERFTEATRSIL DYLEFARTFERAFPGFDSDVHGLQHQDGPSGRCYTVECIKE SEQ ID NO: 17 (Ldc2 K265N protein sequence) MYKDLKFPVLIVHRDIKADTVAGERVRGIAHELEQDGFSILSTASSAEGRIVASTHHGLACILVAAEGAGE NQRLLQDVVELIRVARVRAPQLPIFALGEQVTIENAPAESMADLHQLRGILYLFEDTVPFLARQVARAARN YLAGLLPPFFRALVEHTAQSNYSWHTPGHGGGVAYRKSPVGQAFHQFFGENTLRSDLSVSVPELGSLLDHT GPLAEAEDRAARNFGADHTFFVINGTSTANKIVWHSMVGREDLVLVDRNCHNSILHSIIMTGAIPLYLTPE RNELGIIGPIPLSEFSKQSIAAKIAASPLARGREPKVKLAVVTNSTYDGLCYNAELIKQTLGDSVEVLHFD EAWYAYAAFHEFYDGRYGMGTSRSEEGPLVFATHSTHKMLAAFSQASMIHVQDGGTRKLDVARFNEAFMMH ISTSPQYGIIASLDVASAMMEGPAGRSLIQETFDEALSFRRALANVRQNLDRNDWWFGVWQPEQVEGTDQV GTHDWVLEPSADWHGFGDIAEDYVLLDPIKVTLTTPGLSAGGKLSEQGIPAAIVSRFLWERGLVVEKTGLY SFLVLFSMGITKGKWSTLVTELLEFKRCYDANLPLLDVLPSVAQAGGKRYNGVGLRDLSDAMHASYRDNAT AKAMKRMYTVLPEVAMRPSEAYDKLVRGEVEAVPIARLEGRIAAVMLVPYPPGIPLIMPGERFTEATRSIL DYLEFARTFERAFPGFDSDVHGLQHQDGPSGRCYTVECIKE SEQ ID NO: 18 (Ldc2 S111C/N262T protein sequence) MYKDLKFPVLIVHRDIKADTVAGERVRGIAHELEQDGFSILSTASSAEGRIVASTHHGLACILVAAEGAGE NQRLLQDVVELIRVARVRAPQLPIFALGEQVTIENAPAECMADLHQLRGILYLFEDTVPFLARQVARAARN YLAGLLPPFFRALVEHTAQSNYSWHTPGHGGGVAYRKSPVGQAFHQFFGENTLRSDLSVSVPELGSLLDHT GPLAEAEDRAARNFGADHTFFVINGTSTANKIVWHSMVGREDLVLVDRTCHKSILHSIIMTGAIPLYLTPE RNELGIIGPIPLSEFSKQSIAAKIAASPLARGREPKVKLAVVTNSTYDGLCYNAELIKQTLGDSVEVLHFD EAWYAYAAFHEFYDGRYGMGTSRSEEGPLVFATHSTHKMLAAFSQASMIHVQDGGTRKLDVARFNEAFMMH ISTSPQYGIIASLDVASAMMEGPAGRSLIQETFDEALSFRRALANVRQNLDRNDWWFGVWQPEQVEGTDQV GTHDWVLEPSADWHGFGDIAEDYVLLDPIKVTLTTPGLSAGGKLSEQGIPAAIVSRFLWERGLVVEKTGLY SFLVLFSMGITKGKWSTLVTELLEFKRCYDANLPLLDVLPSVAQAGGKRYNGVGLRDLSDAMHASYRDNAT AKAMKRMYTVLPEVAMRPSEAYDKLVRGEVEAVPIARLEGRIAAVMLVPYPPGIPLIMPGERFTEATRSIL DYLEFARTFERAFPGFDSDVHGLQHQDGPSGRCYTVECIKE SEQ ID NO: 19 (Ldc2 S111C/K265N protein sequence) MYKDLKFPVLIVHRDIKADTVAGERVRGIAHELEQDGFSILSTASSAEGRIVASTHHGLACILVAAEGAGE NQRLLQDVVELIRVARVRAPQLPIFALGEQVTIENAPAECMADLHQLRGILYLFEDTVPFLARQVARAARN YLAGLLPPFFRALVEHTAQSNYSWHTPGHGGGVAYRKSPVGQAFHQFFGENTLRSDLSVSVPELGSLLDHT GPLAEAEDRAARNFGADHTFFVINGTSTANKIVWHSMVGREDLVLVDRNCHNSILHSIIMTGAIPLYLTPE RNELGIIGPIPLSEFSKQSIAAKIAASPLARGREPKVKLAVVTNSTYDGLCYNAELIKQTLGDSVEVLHFD EAWYAYAAFHEFYDGRYGMGTSRSEEGPLVFATHSTHKMLAAFSQASMIHVQDGGTRKLDVARFNEAFMMH ISTSPQYGIIASLDVASAMMEGPAGRSLIQETFDEALSFRRALANVRQNLDRNDWWFGVWQPEQVEGTDQV GTHDWVLEPSADWHGFGDIAEDYVLLDPIKVTLTTPGLSAGGKLSEQGIPAAIVSRFLWERGLVVEKTGLY SFLVLFSMGITKGKWSTLVTELLEFKRCYDANLPLLDVLPSVAQAGGKRYNGVGLRDLSDAMHASYRDNAT AKAMKRMYTVLPEVAMRPSEAYDKLVRGEVEAVPIARLEGRIAAVMLVPYPPGIPLIMPGERFTEATRSIL DYLEFARTFERAFPGFDSDVHGLQHQDGPSGRCYTVECIKE SEQ ID NO: 20 (Ldc2 N262T/K265N protein sequence) MYKDLKFPVLIVHRDIKADTVAGERVRGIAHELEQDGFSILSTASSAEGRIVASTHHGLACILVAAEGAGE NQRLLQDVVELIRVARVRAPQLPIFALGEQVTIENAPAESMADLHQLRGILYLFEDTVPFLARQVARAARN YLAGLLPPFFRALVEHTAQSNYSWHTPGHGGGVAYRKSPVGQAFHQFFGENTLRSDLSVSVPELGSLLDHT GPLAEAEDRAARNFGADHTFFVINGTSTANKIVWHSMVGREDLVLVDRTCHNSILHSIIMTGAIPLYLTPE RNELGIIGPIPLSEFSKQSIAAKIAASPLARGREPKVKLAVVTNSTYDGLCYNAELIKQTLGDSVEVLHFD EAWYAYAAFHEFYDGRYGMGTSRSEEGPLVFATHSTHKMLAAFSQASMIHVQDGGTRKLDVARFNEAFMMH ISTSPQYGIIASLDVASAMMEGPAGRSLIQETFDEALSFRRALANVRQNLDRNDWWFGVWQPEQVEGTDQV GTHDWVLEPSADWHGFGDIAEDYVLLDPIKVTLTTPGLSAGGKLSEQGIPAAIVSRFLWERGLVVEKTGLY SFLVLFSMGITKGKWSTLVTELLEFKRCYDANLPLLDVLPSVAQAGGKRYNGVGLRDLSDAMHASYRDNAT AKAMKRMYTVLPEVAMRPSEAYDKLVRGEVEAVPIARLEGRIAAVMLVPYPPGIPLIMPGERFTEATRSIL DYLEFARTFERAFPGFDSDVHGLQHQDGPSGRCYTVECIKE SEQ ID NO: 21 (Ldc2 S111C/N262T/K265N protein sequence) MYKDLKFPVLIVHRDIKADTVAGERVRGIAHELEQDGFSILSTASSAEGRIVASTHHGLACILVAAEGAGE NQRLLQDVVELIRVARVRAPQLPIFALGEQVTIENAPAECMADLHQLRGILYLFEDTVPFLARQVARAARN YLAGLLPPFFRALVEHTAQSNYSWHTPGHGGGVAYRKSPVGQAFHQFFGENTLRSDLSVSVPELGSLLDHT GPLAEAEDRAARNFGADHTFFVINGTSTANKIVWHSMVGREDLVLVDRTCHNSILHSIIMTGAIPLYLTPE RNELGIIGPIPLSEFSKQSIAAKIAASPLARGREPKVKLAVVTNSTYDGLCYNAELIKQTLGDSVEVLHFD EAWYAYAAFHEFYDGRYGMGTSRSEEGPLVFATHSTHKMLAAFSQASMIHVQDGGTRKLDVARFNEAFMMH ISTSPQYGIIASLDVASAMMEGPAGRSLIQETFDEALSFRRALANVRQNLDRNDWWFGVWQPEQVEGTDQV GTHDWVLEPSADWHGFGDIAEDYVLLDPIKVTLTTPGLSAGGKLSEQGIPAAIVSRFLWERGLVVEKTGLY SFLVLFSMGITKGKWSTLVTELLEFKRCYDANLPLLDVLPSVAQAGGKRYNGVGLRDLSDAMHASYRDNAT AKAMKRMYTVLPEVAMRPSEAYDKLVRGEVEAVPIARLEGRIAAVMLVPYPPGIPLIMPGERFTEATRSIL DYLEFARTFERAFPGFDSDVHGLQHQDGPSGRCYTVECIKE SEQ ID NO: 22 (Escherichia coli Asd polypeptide sequence (encoded by asd gene))  MKNVGFIGWRGMVGSVLMQRMVEERDFDAIRPVFFSTSQLGQAAPSFGGTTGTLQDAFDLEALKALDIIVT CQGGDYTNEIYPKLRESGWQGYWIDAASSLRMKDDAIIILDPVNQDVITDGLNNGIRTFVGGNCTVSLMLM SLGGLFANDLVDWVSVATYQAASGGGARHMRELLTQMGHLYGHVADELATPSSAILDIERKVTTLTRSGEL PVDNFGVPLAGSLIPWIDKQLDNGQSREEWKGQAETNKILNTSSVIPVDGLCVRVGALRCHSQAFTIKLKK DVSIPTVEELLAAHNPWAKVVPNDREITMRELTPAAVTGTLTTPVGRLRKLNMGPEFLSAFTVGDQLLWGA AEPLRRMLRQLA SEQ ID NO: 23 (Escherichia coli DapB polypeptide sequence (encoded by  dapB gene)) MHDANIRVAIAGAGGRMGRQLIQAALALEGVQLGAALEREGSSLLGSDAGELAGAGKTGVTVQSSLDAVKD DFDVFIDFTRPEGTLNHLAFCRQHGKGMVIGTTGFDEAGKQAIRDAAADIAIVFAANFSVGVNVMLKLLEK AAKVMGDYTDIFIIEAHHRHKVDAPSGTALAMGEAIAHALDKDLKDCAVYSREGHTGERVPGTIGFATVRA GDIVGEHTAMFADIGERLEITHKASSRMTFANGAVRSALWLSGKESGLFDMRDVLDLNNL SEQ ID NO: 24 (Escherichia coli DapD polypeptide sequence (encoded by dapD gene)) MQQLQNIIETAFERRAEITPANADTVTREAVNQVIALLDSGALRVAEKIDGQWVTHQWLKKAVLLSFRIND NQVIEGAESRYFDKVPMKFADYDEARFQKEGFRVVPPAAVRQGAFIARNTVLMPSYVNIGAYVDEGTMVDT WATVGSCAQIGKNVHLSGGVGIGGVLEPLQANPTIIEDNCFIGARSEVVEGVIVEEGSVISMGVYIGQSTR IYDRETGEIHYGRVPAGSVVVSGNLPSKDGKYSLYCAVIVKKVDAKTRGKVGINELLRTID SEQ ID NO: 25 (Escherichia coli AspC polypeptide sequence (encoded by aspC gene)) MFENITAAPADPILGLADLFRADERPGKINLGIGVYKDETGKTPVLTSVKKAEQYLLENETTKNYLGIDGI PEFGRCTQELLFGKGSALINDKRARTAQTPGGTGALRVAADFLAKNTSVKRVWVSNPSWPNHKSVFNSAGL EVREYAYYDAENHTLDFDALINSLNEAQAGDVVLFHGCCHNPTGIDPTLEQWQTLAQLSVEKGWLPLFDFA YQGFARGLEEDAEGLRAFAAMHKELIVASSYSKNFGLYNERVGACTLVAADSETVDRAFSQMKAAIRANYS NPPAHGASVVATILSNDALRAIWEQELTDMRQRIQRMRQLFVNTLQEKGANRDFSFIIKQNGMFSFSGLTK EQVLRLREEFGVYAVASGRVNVAGMTPDNMAPLCEAIVAVL SEQ ID NO: 26 (Escherichia coli mutant aspartokinase III polypeptide sequence, LysC-1 (M318I, G323D)) MSEIVVSKFGGTSVADFDAMNRSADIVLSDANVRLVVLSASAGITNLLVALAEGLEPGERFEKLDAIRNIQ FAILERLRYPNVIREEIERLLENITVLAEAAALATSPALTDELVSHGELMSTLLFVEILRERDVQAQWFDV RKVMRTNDRFGRAEPDIAALAELAALQLLPRLNEGLVITQGFIGSENKGRTTTLGRGGSDYTAALLAEALH ASRVDIWTDVPGIYTTDPRVVSAAKRIDEIAFAEAAEMATFGAKVLHPATLLPAVRSDIPVFVGSSKDPRA GGTLVCNKTENPPLFRALALRRNQTLLTLHSLNILHSRDFLAEVFGILARHNISVDLITTSEVSVALTLDT TGSTSTGDTLLTQSLLMELSALCRVEVEEGLALVALIGNDLSKACGVGKEVFGVLEPFNIRMICYGASSHN LCFLVPGEDAEQVVQKLHSNLFE SEQ ID NO: 27 (Escherichia coli mutant aspartokinase III polypeptide sequence, LysC-2 (T344M, T352I))  MSEIVVSKFGGTSVADFDAMNRSADIVLSDANVRLVVLSASAGITNLLVALAEGLEPGERFEKLDAIRNIQ FAILERLRYPNVIREEIERLLENITVLAEAAALATSPALTDELVSHGELMSTLLFVEILRERDVQAQWFDV RKVMRTNDRFGRAEPDIAALAELAALQLLPRLNEGLVITQGFIGSENKGRTTTLGRGGSDYTAALLAEALH ASRVDIWTDVPGIYTTDPRVVSAAKRIDEIAFAEAAEMATFGAKVLHPATLLPAVRSDIPVFVGSSKDPRA GGTLVCNKTENPPLFRALALRRNQTLLTLHSLNMLHSRGFLAEVFGILARHNISVDLITMSEVSVALILDT TGSTSTGDTLLTQSLLMELSALCRVEVEEGLALVALIGNDLSKACGVGKEVFGVLEPFNIRMICYGASSHN LCFLVPGEDAEQVVQKLHSNLFE SEQ ID NO: 28 (Streptomyces lividans aspartokinase III polypeptide  sequence, S-LysC)  MGLVVQKYGGSSVADAEGIKRVAKRIVEAKKNGNQVVAVVSAMGDTTDELIDLAEQVSPIPAGRELDMLLT AGERISMALLAMAIKNLGHEAQSFTGSQAGVITDSVHNKARIIDVTPGRIRTSVDEGNVAIVAGFQGVSQD SKDITTLGRGGSDTTAVALAAALDADVCEIYTDVDGVFTADPRVVPKAKKIDWISFEDMLELAASGSKVLL HRCVEYARRYNIPIHVRSSFSGLQGTWVSSEPIKQGEKHVEQALISGVAHDTSEAKVTVVGVPDKPGEAAA IFRAIADAQVNIDMVVQNVSAASTGLTDISFTLPKSEGRKAIDALEKNRPGIGFDSLRYDDQIGKISLVGA GMKSNPGVTADFFTALSDAGVNIELISTSEIRISVVTRKDDVNEAVRAVHTAFGLDSDSDEAVVYGGTGR SEQ ID NO: 29 (Escherichia coli tetA polynucleotide sequence,  nucleotides 1-558, tetA (nt 1-558))  ATGAAATCTAACAATGCGCTCATCGTCATCCTCGGCACCGTCACCCTGGATGCTGTAGGCATAGGCTTGGT TATGCCGGTACTGCCGGGCCTCTTGCGGGATATCGTCCATTCCGACAGCATCGCCAGTCACTATGGCGTGC TGCTAGCGCTATATGCGTTGATGCAATTTCTATGCGCACCCGTTCTCGGAGCACTGTCCGACCGCTTTGGC CGCCGCCCAGTCCTGCTCGCTTCGCTACTTGGAGCCACTATCGACTACGCGATCATGGCGACCACACCCGT CCTGTGGATCCTCTACGCCGGACGCATCGTGGCCGGCATCACCGGCGCCACAGGTGCGGTTGCTGGCGCCT ATATCGCCGACATCACCGATGGGGAAGATCGGGCTCGCCACTTCGGGCTCATGAGCGCTTGTTTCGGCGTG GGTATGGTGGCAGGCCCCGTGGCCGGGGGACTGTTGGGCGCCATCTCCTTGCATGCACCATTCCTTGCGGC GGCGGTGCTCAACGGCCTCAACCTACTACTGGGCTGCTTCCTAATGCAGGAGTCGCATTAAGGGAGAGCGT CGACCGATGCCCTTGAGAGCCTTCAACCCAGTCAGCTCCTTCCGGTGGGCGCGGGGCATGACTATCGTCGC CGCACTTATGACTGTCTTCTTTATCATGCAACTCGTAGGACAGGTGCCGGCAGCGCTCTGGGTCATTTTCG GCGAGGACCGCTTTCGCTGGAGCGCGACGATGATCGGCCTGTCGCTTGCGGTATTCGGAATCTTGCACGCC CTCGCTCAAGCCTTCGTCACTGGTCCCGCCACCAAACGTTTCGGCGAGAAGCAGGCCATTATCGCCGGCAT GGCGGCCGACGCGCTGGGCTACGTCTTGCTGGCGTTCGCGACGCGAGGCTGGATGGCCTTCCCCATTATGA TTCTTCTCGCTTCCGGCGGCATCGGGATGCCCGCGTTGCAGGCCATGCTGTCCAGGCAGGTAGATGACGAC CATCAGGGACAGCTTCAAGGATCGCTCGCGGCTCTTACCAGCCTAACTTCGATCATTGGACCGCTGATCGT CACGGCGATTTATGCCGCCTCGGCGAGCACATGGAACGGGTTGGCATGGATTGTAGGCGCCGCCCTATACC TTGTCTGCCTCCCCGCGTTGCGTCGCGGTGCATGGAGCCGGGCCACCTCGACCTGA SEQ ID NO: 30 (Escherichia coli TetA polypeptide sequence, amino acids 1-185, TetA (aa1-185))  MKSNNALIVILGTVTLDAVGIGLVMPVLPGLLRDIVHSDSIASHYGVLLALYALMQFLCAPVLGALSDRFG RRPVLLASLLGATIDYAIMATTPVLWILYAGRIVAGITGATGAVAGAYIADITDGEDRARHFGLMSACFGV GMVAGPVAGGLLGAISLHAPFLAAAVLNGLNLLLGCFLMQESH SEQ ID NO: 31 (Escherichia coli tetA polynucleotide sequence, nucleotides 1-291, tetA (nt 1-291)) ATGAAATCTAACAATGCGCTCATCGTCATCCTCGGCACCGTCACCCTGGATGCTGTAGGCATAGGCTTGGT TATGCCGGTACTGCCGGGCCTCTTGCGGGATATCGTCCATTCCGACAGCATCGCCAGTCACTATGGCGTGC TGCTAGCGCTATATGCGTTGATGCAATTTCTATGCGCACCCGTTCTCGGAGCACTGTCCGACCGCTTTGGC CGCCGCCCAGTCCTGCTCGCTTCGCTACTTGGAGCCACTATCGACTACGCGATCATGGCGACCACACCCGT CCTGTAAGGATCCTCTACGCCGGACGCATCGTGGCCGGCATCACCGGCGCCACAGGTGCGGTTGCTGGCGC CTATATCGCCGACATCACCGATGGGGAAGATCGGGCTCGCCACTTCGGGCTCATGAGCGCTTGTTTCGGCG TGGGTATGGTGGCAGGCCCCGTGGCCGGGGGACTGTTGGGCGCCATCTCCTTGCATGCACCATTCCTTGCG GCGGCGGTGCTCAACGGCCTCAACCTACTACTGGGCTGCTTCCTAATGCAGGAGTCGCATAAGGGAGAGCG TCGACCGATGCCCTTGAGAGCCTTCAACCCAGTCAGCTCCTTCCGGTGGGCGCGGGGCATGACTATCGTCG CCGCACTTATGACTGTCTTCTTTATCATGCAACTCGTAGGACAGGTGCCGGCAGCGCTCTGGGTCATTTTC GGCGAGGACCGCTTTCGCTGGAGCGCGACGATGATCGGCCTGTCGCTTGCGGTATTCGGAATCTTGCACGC CCTCGCTCAAGCCTTCGTCACTGGTCCCGCCACCAAACGTTTCGGCGAGAAGCAGGCCATTATCGCCGGCA TGGCGGCCGACGCGCTGGGCTACGTCTTGCTGGCGTTCGCGACGCGAGGCTGGATGGCCTTCCCCATTATG ATTCTTCTCGCTTCCGGCGGCATCGGGATGCCCGCGTTGCAGGCCATGCTGTCCAGGCAGGTAGATGACGA CCATCAGGGACAGCTTCAAGGATCGCTCGCGGCTCTTACCAGCCTAACTTCGATCATTGGACCGCTGATCG TCACGGCGATTTATGCCGCCTCGGCGAGCACATGGAACGGGTTGGCATGGATTGTAGGCGCCGCCCTATAC CTTGTCTGCCTCCCCGCGTTGCGTCGCGGTGCATGGAGCCGGGCCACCTCGACCTGA SEQ ID NO: 32 (Escherichia coli TetA polypeptide sequence, amino acids 1-96, TetA (aa1-96)) MKSNNALIVILGTVTLDAVGIGLVMPVLPGLLRDIVHSDSIASHYGVLLALYALMQFLCAPVLGALSDRFG RRPVLLASLLGATIDYAIMATTPVL SEQ ID NO: 33 (Escherichia coli CadA polypeptide sequence, amino acids 1-565, CadA (aa1-565)) MNVIAILNHMGVYFKEEPIRELHRALERLNFQIVYPNDRDDLLKLIENNARLCGVIFDWDKYNLELCEEIS KMNENLPLYAFANTYSTLDVSLNDLRLQISFFEYALGAAEDIANKIKQTTDEYINTILPPLTKALFKYVRE GKYTFCTPGHMGGTAFQKSPVGSLFYDFFGPNTMKSDISISVSELGSLLDHSGPHKEAEQYIARVFNADRS YMVTNGTSTANKIVGMYSAPAGSTILIDRNCHKSLTHLMMMSDVTPIYFRPTRNAYGILGGIPQSEFQHAT IAKRVKETPNATWPVHAVITNSTYDGLLYNTDFIKKTLDVKSIHFDSAWVPYTNFSPIYEGKCGMSGGRVE GKVIYETQSTHKLLAAFSQASMIHVKGDVNEETFNEAYMMHTTTSPHYGIVASTETAAAMMKGNAGKRLIN GSIERAIKFRKEIKRLRTESDGWFFDVWQPDHIDTTECWPLRSDSTWHGFKNIDNEHMYLDPIKVTLLTPG MEKDGTMSDFGIPASIVAKYLDEHGIVVEKTGPYNLLFLFSIGIDKTKALSLLRALTDFKRAFDLNLR SEQ ID NO: 34 (ldc2-co1 C332G DNA sequence)  ATGTACAAAGATCTGAAATTCCCTGTTCTGATTGTACACCGCGATATCAAGGCGGACACGGTAGCCGGCGA GCGTGTTCGCGGTATTGCCCACGAACTCGAACAAGACGGCTTTAGCATTCTCTCTACGGCGTCTTCTGCGG AAGGCCGCATTGTGGCTAGCACGCACCACGGTCTCGCCTGCATCCTCGTGGCAGCTGAGGGTGCGGGTGAG AATCAGCGTCTGCTCCAAGACGTGGTTGAGCTGATCCGTGTAGCTCGCGTCCGTGCGCCACAGCTCCCGAT CTTCGCGCTGGGCGAACAGGTGACTATTGAAAACGCGCCTGCCGAATGTATGGCCGACCTGCACCAGCTCC GCGGCATTCTGTATCTCTTCGAGGATACTGTCCCGTTCCTGGCACGTCAGGTTGCACGCGCAGCGCGTAAC TACCTCGCTGGCCTCCTCCCGCCATTCTTCCGTGCACTCGTGGAGCACACGGCCCAAAGCAATTACTCTTG GCACACCCCGGGTCACGGTGGTGGTGTCGCTTACCGTAAATCTCCGGTAGGTCAAGCTTTCCACCAGTTCT TTGGCGAGAATACCCTCCGCTCTGACCTGTCTGTTAGCGTTCCAGAGCTGGGCAGCCTGCTGGATCACACT GGCCCTCTCGCGGAAGCAGAGGATCGTGCCGCTCGCAATTTCGGTGCGGACCACACCTTCTTTGTCATCAA TGGTACCTCTACTGCGAACAAAATCGTTTGGCACTCTATGGTTGGTCGCGAGGACCTGGTGCTGGTCGATC GTAACTGTCACAAATCTATTCTGCACTCCATTATCATGACGGGTGCTATCCCACTGTACCTGACTCCGGAA CGCAACGAACTGGGTATTATCGGCCCTATTCCACTCTCCGAGTTTTCTAAACAATCTATCGCAGCAAAAAT TGCCGCCTCCCCACTCGCGCGTGGTCGTGAACCGAAAGTTAAACTGGCTGTCGTTACCAACTCTACCTATG ACGGTCTGTGTTACAACGCGGAACTGATCAAACAAACCCTCGGCGACTCTGTCGAGGTACTGCATTTCGAC GAGGCTTGGTATGCTTATGCGGCGTTTCACGAGTTCTACGACGGCCGCTACGGTATGGGCACTTCTCGTTC CGAAGAGGGTCCGCTGGTCTTTGCTACCCATTCTACCCACAAGATGCTCGCGGCTTTTTCCCAAGCTAGCA TGATTCACGTTCAGGATGGTGGTACGCGCAAGCTGGACGTCGCCCGCTTTAACGAAGCCTTTATGATGCAC ATCAGCACCTCTCCACAGTACGGCATCATTGCGTCTCTCGATGTCGCAAGCGCTATGATGGAAGGTCCTGC CGGTCGTAGCCTGATCCAAGAGACGTTCGATGAGGCGCTGTCCTTCCGTCGTGCTCTGGCGAATGTCCGTC AGAACCTGGACCGTAATGATTGGTGGTTCGGTGTCTGGCAACCGGAGCAGGTTGAGGGCACCGACCAGGTA GGTACTCACGACTGGGTTCTCGAGCCTAGCGCGGACTGGCATGGTTTTGGTGACATTGCGGAGGATTACGT TCTCCTCGATCCTATCAAAGTTACCCTGACCACCCCAGGTCTGAGCGCTGGCGGTAAACTCTCTGAACAAG GCATCCCGGCAGCTATCGTTAGCCGTTTCCTGTGGGAACGTGGTCTGGTGGTCGAGAAAACGGGTCTGTAC TCTTTCCTGGTTCTGTTCTCCATGGGTATCACGAAAGGCAAATGGTCTACTCTGGTTACCGAGCTGCTCGA ATTCAAACGCTGTTACGACGCGAATCTGCCACTCCTGGATGTGCTGCCTTCTGTAGCGCAGGCGGGTGGTA AACGCTATAACGGTGTAGGTCTGCGTGATCTGTCCGATGCCATGCACGCTTCTTATCGTGACAATGCCACG GCGAAGGCCATGAAGCGTATGTATACGGTGCTCCCGGAAGTAGCCATGCGCCCGTCCGAAGCTTATGATAA GCTCGTACGCGGTGAAGTCGAAGCTGTTCCTATTGCACGTCTCGAGGGTCGTATTGCGGCGGTTATGCTGG TTCCGTACCCGCCAGGTATCCCGCTCATTATGCCGGGTGAACGTTTTACTGAAGCTACCCGCTCCATTCTG GACTATCTGGAGTTTGCCCGTACCTTCGAGCGCGCGTTCCCGGGCTTTGACTCTGATGTTCACGGCCTCCA ACATCAAGATGGCCCGTCTGGCCGTTGTTATACCGTTGAATGCATCAAGGAATAA SEQ ID NO: 35 (ldc2-co1A785C DNA sequence) ATGTACAAAGATCTGAAATTCCCTGTTCTGATTGTACACCGCGATATCAAGGCGGACACGGTAGCCGGCGA GCGTGTTCGCGGTATTGCCCACGAACTCGAACAAGACGGCTTTAGCATTCTCTCTACGGCGTCTTCTGCGG AAGGCCGCATTGTGGCTAGCACGCACCACGGTCTCGCCTGCATCCTCGTGGCAGCTGAGGGTGCGGGTGAG AATCAGCGTCTGCTCCAAGACGTGGTTGAGCTGATCCGTGTAGCTCGCGTCCGTGCGCCACAGCTCCCGAT CTTCGCGCTGGGCGAACAGGTGACTATTGAAAACGCGCCTGCCGAATCTATGGCCGACCTGCACCAGCTCC GCGGCATTCTGTATCTCTTCGAGGATACTGTCCCGTTCCTGGCACGTCAGGTTGCACGCGCAGCGCGTAAC TACCTCGCTGGCCTCCTCCCGCCATTCTTCCGTGCACTCGTGGAGCACACGGCCCAAAGCAATTACTCTTG GCACACCCCGGGTCACGGTGGTGGTGTCGCTTACCGTAAATCTCCGGTAGGTCAAGCTTTCCACCAGTTCT TTGGCGAGAATACCCTCCGCTCTGACCTGTCTGTTAGCGTTCCAGAGCTGGGCAGCCTGCTGGATCACACT GGCCCTCTCGCGGAAGCAGAGGATCGTGCCGCTCGCAATTTCGGTGCGGACCACACCTTCTTTGTCATCAA TGGTACCTCTACTGCGAACAAAATCGTTTGGCACTCTATGGTTGGTCGCGAGGACCTGGTGCTGGTCGATC GTACCTGTCACAAATCTATTCTGCACTCCATTATCATGACGGGTGCTATCCCACTGTACCTGACTCCGGAA CGCAACGAACTGGGTATTATCGGCCCTATTCCACTCTCCGAGTTTTCTAAACAATCTATCGCAGCAAAAAT TGCCGCCTCCCCACTCGCGCGTGGTCGTGAACCGAAAGTTAAACTGGCTGTCGTTACCAACTCTACCTATG ACGGTCTGTGTTACAACGCGGAACTGATCAAACAAACCCTCGGCGACTCTGTCGAGGTACTGCATTTCGAC GAGGCTTGGTATGCTTATGCGGCGTTTCACGAGTTCTACGACGGCCGCTACGGTATGGGCACTTCTCGTTC CGAAGAGGGTCCGCTGGTCTTTGCTACCCATTCTACCCACAAGATGCTCGCGGCTTTTTCCCAAGCTAGCA TGATTCACGTTCAGGATGGTGGTACGCGCAAGCTGGACGTCGCCCGCTTTAACGAAGCCTTTATGATGCAC ATCAGCACCTCTCCACAGTACGGCATCATTGCGTCTCTCGATGTCGCAAGCGCTATGATGGAAGGTCCTGC CGGTCGTAGCCTGATCCAAGAGACGTTCGATGAGGCGCTGTCCTTCCGTCGTGCTCTGGCGAATGTCCGTC AGAACCTGGACCGTAATGATTGGTGGTTCGGTGTCTGGCAACCGGAGCAGGTTGAGGGCACCGACCAGGTA GGTACTCACGACTGGGTTCTCGAGCCTAGCGCGGACTGGCATGGTTTTGGTGACATTGCGGAGGATTACGT TCTCCTCGATCCTATCAAAGTTACCCTGACCACCCCAGGTCTGAGCGCTGGCGGTAAACTCTCTGAACAAG GCATCCCGGCAGCTATCGTTAGCCGTTTCCTGTGGGAACGTGGTCTGGTGGTCGAGAAAACGGGTCTGTAC TCTTTCCTGGTTCTGTTCTCCATGGGTATCACGAAAGGCAAATGGTCTACTCTGGTTACCGAGCTGCTCGA ATTCAAACGCTGTTACGACGCGAATCTGCCACTCCTGGATGTGCTGCCTTCTGTAGCGCAGGCGGGTGGTA AACGCTATAACGGTGTAGGTCTGCGTGATCTGTCCGATGCCATGCACGCTTCTTATCGTGACAATGCCACG GCGAAGGCCATGAAGCGTATGTATACGGTGCTCCCGGAAGTAGCCATGCGCCCGTCCGAAGCTTATGATAA GCTCGTACGCGGTGAAGTCGAAGCTGTTCCTATTGCACGTCTCGAGGGTCGTATTGCGGCGGTTATGCTGG TTCCGTACCCGCCAGGTATCCCGCTCATTATGCCGGGTGAACGTTTTACTGAAGCTACCCGCTCCATTCTG GACTATCTGGAGTTTGCCCGTACCTTCGAGCGCGCGTTCCCGGGCTTTGACTCTGATGTTCACGGCCTCCA ACATCAAGATGGCCCGTCTGGCCGTTGTTATACCGTTGAATGCATCAAGGAATAA SEQ ID NO: 36 (ldc2-co1 A795C DNA sequence) ATGTACAAAGATCTGAAATTCCCTGTTCTGATTGTACACCGCGATATCAAGGCGGACACGGTAGCCGGCGA GCGTGTTCGCGGTATTGCCCACGAACTCGAACAAGACGGCTTTAGCATTCTCTCTACGGCGTCTTCTGCGG AAGGCCGCATTGTGGCTAGCACGCACCACGGTCTCGCCTGCATCCTCGTGGCAGCTGAGGGTGCGGGTGAG AATCAGCGTCTGCTCCAAGACGTGGTTGAGCTGATCCGTGTAGCTCGCGTCCGTGCGCCACAGCTCCCGAT CTTCGCGCTGGGCGAACAGGTGACTATTGAAAACGCGCCTGCCGAATCTATGGCCGACCTGCACCAGCTCC GCGGCATTCTGTATCTCTTCGAGGATACTGTCCCGTTCCTGGCACGTCAGGTTGCACGCGCAGCGCGTAAC TACCTCGCTGGCCTCCTCCCGCCATTCTTCCGTGCACTCGTGGAGCACACGGCCCAAAGCAATTACTCTTG GCACACCCCGGGTCACGGTGGTGGTGTCGCTTACCGTAAATCTCCGGTAGGTCAAGCTTTCCACCAGTTCT TTGGCGAGAATACCCTCCGCTCTGACCTGTCTGTTAGCGTTCCAGAGCTGGGCAGCCTGCTGGATCACACT GGCCCTCTCGCGGAAGCAGAGGATCGTGCCGCTCGCAATTTCGGTGCGGACCACACCTTCTTTGTCATCAA TGGTACCTCTACTGCGAACAAAATCGTTTGGCACTCTATGGTTGGTCGCGAGGACCTGGTGCTGGTCGATC GTAACTGTCACAACTCTATTCTGCACTCCATTATCATGACGGGTGCTATCCCACTGTACCTGACTCCGGAA CGCAACGAACTGGGTATTATCGGCCCTATTCCACTCTCCGAGTTTTCTAAACAATCTATCGCAGCAAAAAT TGCCGCCTCCCCACTCGCGCGTGGTCGTGAACCGAAAGTTAAACTGGCTGTCGTTACCAACTCTACCTATG ACGGTCTGTGTTACAACGCGGAACTGATCAAACAAACCCTCGGCGACTCTGTCGAGGTACTGCATTTCGAC GAGGCTTGGTATGCTTATGCGGCGTTTCACGAGTTCTACGACGGCCGCTACGGTATGGGCACTTCTCGTTC CGAAGAGGGTCCGCTGGTCTTTGCTACCCATTCTACCCACAAGATGCTCGCGGCTTTTTCCCAAGCTAGCA TGATTCACGTTCAGGATGGTGGTACGCGCAAGCTGGACGTCGCCCGCTTTAACGAAGCCTTTATGATGCAC ATCAGCACCTCTCCACAGTACGGCATCATTGCGTCTCTCGATGTCGCAAGCGCTATGATGGAAGGTCCTGC CGGTCGTAGCCTGATCCAAGAGACGTTCGATGAGGCGCTGTCCTTCCGTCGTGCTCTGGCGAATGTCCGTC AGAACCTGGACCGTAATGATTGGTGGTTCGGTGTCTGGCAACCGGAGCAGGTTGAGGGCACCGACCAGGTA GGTACTCACGACTGGGTTCTCGAGCCTAGCGCGGACTGGCATGGTTTTGGTGACATTGCGGAGGATTACGT TCTCCTCGATCCTATCAAAGTTACCCTGACCACCCCAGGTCTGAGCGCTGGCGGTAAACTCTCTGAACAAG GCATCCCGGCAGCTATCGTTAGCCGTTTCCTGTGGGAACGTGGTCTGGTGGTCGAGAAAACGGGTCTGTAC TCTTTCCTGGTTCTGTTCTCCATGGGTATCACGAAAGGCAAATGGTCTACTCTGGTTACCGAGCTGCTCGA ATTCAAACGCTGTTACGACGCGAATCTGCCACTCCTGGATGTGCTGCCTTCTGTAGCGCAGGCGGGTGGTA AACGCTATAACGGTGTAGGTCTGCGTGATCTGTCCGATGCCATGCACGCTTCTTATCGTGACAATGCCACG GCGAAGGCCATGAAGCGTATGTATACGGTGCTCCCGGAAGTAGCCATGCGCCCGTCCGAAGCTTATGATAA GCTCGTACGCGGTGAAGTCGAAGCTGTTCCTATTGCACGTCTCGAGGGTCGTATTGCGGCGGTTATGCTGG TTCCGTACCCGCCAGGTATCCCGCTCATTATGCCGGGTGAACGTTTTACTGAAGCTACCCGCTCCATTCTG GACTATCTGGAGTTTGCCCGTACCTTCGAGCGCGCGTTCCCGGGCTTTGACTCTGATGTTCACGGCCTCCA ACATCAAGATGGCCCGTCTGGCCGTTGTTATACCGTTGAATGCATCAAGGAATAA SEQ ID NO: 37 (ldc2-co1 C332G/A785C DNA sequence) ATGTACAAAGATCTGAAATTCCCTGTTCTGATTGTACACCGCGATATCAAGGCGGACACGGTAGCCGGCGA GCGTGTTCGCGGTATTGCCCACGAACTCGAACAAGACGGCTTTAGCATTCTCTCTACGGCGTCTTCTGCGG AAGGCCGCATTGTGGCTAGCACGCACCACGGTCTCGCCTGCATCCTCGTGGCAGCTGAGGGTGCGGGTGAG AATCAGCGTCTGCTCCAAGACGTGGTTGAGCTGATCCGTGTAGCTCGCGTCCGTGCGCCACAGCTCCCGAT CTTCGCGCTGGGCGAACAGGTGACTATTGAAAACGCGCCTGCCGAATGTATGGCCGACCTGCACCAGCTCC GCGGCATTCTGTATCTCTTCGAGGATACTGTCCCGTTCCTGGCACGTCAGGTTGCACGCGCAGCGCGTAAC TACCTCGCTGGCCTCCTCCCGCCATTCTTCCGTGCACTCGTGGAGCACACGGCCCAAAGCAATTACTCTTG GCACACCCCGGGTCACGGTGGTGGTGTCGCTTACCGTAAATCTCCGGTAGGTCAAGCTTTCCACCAGTTCT TTGGCGAGAATACCCTCCGCTCTGACCTGTCTGTTAGCGTTCCAGAGCTGGGCAGCCTGCTGGATCACACT GGCCCTCTCGCGGAAGCAGAGGATCGTGCCGCTCGCAATTTCGGTGCGGACCACACCTTCTTTGTCATCAA TGGTACCTCTACTGCGAACAAAATCGTTTGGCACTCTATGGTTGGTCGCGAGGACCTGGTGCTGGTCGATC GTACCTGTCACAAATCTATTCTGCACTCCATTATCATGACGGGTGCTATCCCACTGTACCTGACTCCGGAA CGCAACGAACTGGGTATTATCGGCCCTATTCCACTCTCCGAGTTTTCTAAACAATCTATCGCAGCAAAAAT TGCCGCCTCCCCACTCGCGCGTGGTCGTGAACCGAAAGTTAAACTGGCTGTCGTTACCAACTCTACCTATG ACGGTCTGTGTTACAACGCGGAACTGATCAAACAAACCCTCGGCGACTCTGTCGAGGTACTGCATTTCGAC GAGGCTTGGTATGCTTATGCGGCGTTTCACGAGTTCTACGACGGCCGCTACGGTATGGGCACTTCTCGTTC CGAAGAGGGTCCGCTGGTCTTTGCTACCCATTCTACCCACAAGATGCTCGCGGCTTTTTCCCAAGCTAGCA TGATTCACGTTCAGGATGGTGGTACGCGCAAGCTGGACGTCGCCCGCTTTAACGAAGCCTTTATGATGCAC ATCAGCACCTCTCCACAGTACGGCATCATTGCGTCTCTCGATGTCGCAAGCGCTATGATGGAAGGTCCTGC CGGTCGTAGCCTGATCCAAGAGACGTTCGATGAGGCGCTGTCCTTCCGTCGTGCTCTGGCGAATGTCCGTC AGAACCTGGACCGTAATGATTGGTGGTTCGGTGTCTGGCAACCGGAGCAGGTTGAGGGCACCGACCAGGTA GGTACTCACGACTGGGTTCTCGAGCCTAGCGCGGACTGGCATGGTTTTGGTGACATTGCGGAGGATTACGT TCTCCTCGATCCTATCAAAGTTACCCTGACCACCCCAGGTCTGAGCGCTGGCGGTAAACTCTCTGAACAAG GCATCCCGGCAGCTATCGTTAGCCGTTTCCTGTGGGAACGTGGTCTGGTGGTCGAGAAAACGGGTCTGTAC TCTTTCCTGGTTCTGTTCTCCATGGGTATCACGAAAGGCAAATGGTCTACTCTGGTTACCGAGCTGCTCGA ATTCAAACGCTGTTACGACGCGAATCTGCCACTCCTGGATGTGCTGCCTTCTGTAGCGCAGGCGGGTGGTA AACGCTATAACGGTGTAGGTCTGCGTGATCTGTCCGATGCCATGCACGCTTCTTATCGTGACAATGCCACG GCGAAGGCCATGAAGCGTATGTATACGGTGCTCCCGGAAGTAGCCATGCGCCCGTCCGAAGCTTATGATAA GCTCGTACGCGGTGAAGTCGAAGCTGTTCCTATTGCACGTCTCGAGGGTCGTATTGCGGCGGTTATGCTGG TTCCGTACCCGCCAGGTATCCCGCTCATTATGCCGGGTGAACGTTTTACTGAAGCTACCCGCTCCATTCTG GACTATCTGGAGTTTGCCCGTACCTTCGAGCGCGCGTTCCCGGGCTTTGACTCTGATGTTCACGGCCTCCA ACATCAAGATGGCCCGTCTGGCCGTTGTTATACCGTTGAATGCATCAAGGAATAA SEQ ID NO: 38 (ldc2-co1 C332G/A795C DNA sequence) ATGTACAAAGATCTGAAATTCCCTGTTCTGATTGTACACCGCGATATCAAGGCGGACACGGTAGCCGGCGA GCGTGTTCGCGGTATTGCCCACGAACTCGAACAAGACGGCTTTAGCATTCTCTCTACGGCGTCTTCTGCGG AAGGCCGCATTGTGGCTAGCACGCACCACGGTCTCGCCTGCATCCTCGTGGCAGCTGAGGGTGCGGGTGAG AATCAGCGTCTGCTCCAAGACGTGGTTGAGCTGATCCGTGTAGCTCGCGTCCGTGCGCCACAGCTCCCGAT CTTCGCGCTGGGCGAACAGGTGACTATTGAAAACGCGCCTGCCGAATGTATGGCCGACCTGCACCAGCTCC GCGGCATTCTGTATCTCTTCGAGGATACTGTCCCGTTCCTGGCACGTCAGGTTGCACGCGCAGCGCGTAAC TACCTCGCTGGCCTCCTCCCGCCATTCTTCCGTGCACTCGTGGAGCACACGGCCCAAAGCAATTACTCTTG GCACACCCCGGGTCACGGTGGTGGTGTCGCTTACCGTAAATCTCCGGTAGGTCAAGCTTTCCACCAGTTCT TTGGCGAGAATACCCTCCGCTCTGACCTGTCTGTTAGCGTTCCAGAGCTGGGCAGCCTGCTGGATCACACT GGCCCTCTCGCGGAAGCAGAGGATCGTGCCGCTCGCAATTTCGGTGCGGACCACACCTTCTTTGTCATCAA TGGTACCTCTACTGCGAACAAAATCGTTTGGCACTCTATGGTTGGTCGCGAGGACCTGGTGCTGGTCGATC GTAACTGTCACAACTCTATTCTGCACTCCATTATCATGACGGGTGCTATCCCACTGTACCTGACTCCGGAA CGCAACGAACTGGGTATTATCGGCCCTATTCCACTCTCCGAGTTTTCTAAACAATCTATCGCAGCAAAAAT TGCCGCCTCCCCACTCGCGCGTGGTCGTGAACCGAAAGTTAAACTGGCTGTCGTTACCAACTCTACCTATG ACGGTCTGTGTTACAACGCGGAACTGATCAAACAAACCCTCGGCGACTCTGTCGAGGTACTGCATTTCGAC GAGGCTTGGTATGCTTATGCGGCGTTTCACGAGTTCTACGACGGCCGCTACGGTATGGGCACTTCTCGTTC CGAAGAGGGTCCGCTGGTCTTTGCTACCCATTCTACCCACAAGATGCTCGCGGCTTTTTCCCAAGCTAGCA TGATTCACGTTCAGGATGGTGGTACGCGCAAGCTGGACGTCGCCCGCTTTAACGAAGCCTTTATGATGCAC ATCAGCACCTCTCCACAGTACGGCATCATTGCGTCTCTCGATGTCGCAAGCGCTATGATGGAAGGTCCTGC CGGTCGTAGCCTGATCCAAGAGACGTTCGATGAGGCGCTGTCCTTCCGTCGTGCTCTGGCGAATGTCCGTC AGAACCTGGACCGTAATGATTGGTGGTTCGGTGTCTGGCAACCGGAGCAGGTTGAGGGCACCGACCAGGTA GGTACTCACGACTGGGTTCTCGAGCCTAGCGCGGACTGGCATGGTTTTGGTGACATTGCGGAGGATTACGT TCTCCTCGATCCTATCAAAGTTACCCTGACCACCCCAGGTCTGAGCGCTGGCGGTAAACTCTCTGAACAAG GCATCCCGGCAGCTATCGTTAGCCGTTTCCTGTGGGAACGTGGTCTGGTGGTCGAGAAAACGGGTCTGTAC TCTTTCCTGGTTCTGTTCTCCATGGGTATCACGAAAGGCAAATGGTCTACTCTGGTTACCGAGCTGCTCGA ATTCAAACGCTGTTACGACGCGAATCTGCCACTCCTGGATGTGCTGCCTTCTGTAGCGCAGGCGGGTGGTA AACGCTATAACGGTGTAGGTCTGCGTGATCTGTCCGATGCCATGCACGCTTCTTATCGTGACAATGCCACG GCGAAGGCCATGAAGCGTATGTATACGGTGCTCCCGGAAGTAGCCATGCGCCCGTCCGAAGCTTATGATAA GCTCGTACGCGGTGAAGTCGAAGCTGTTCCTATTGCACGTCTCGAGGGTCGTATTGCGGCGGTTATGCTGG TTCCGTACCCGCCAGGTATCCCGCTCATTATGCCGGGTGAACGTTTTACTGAAGCTACCCGCTCCATTCTG GACTATCTGGAGTTTGCCCGTACCTTCGAGCGCGCGTTCCCGGGCTTTGACTCTGATGTTCACGGCCTCCA ACATCAAGATGGCCCGTCTGGCCGTTGTTATACCGTTGAATGCATCAAGGAATAA SEQ ID NO: 39 (ldc2-co1 A785C/A795C DNA sequence) ATGTACAAAGATCTGAAATTCCCTGTTCTGATTGTACACCGCGATATCAAGGCGGACACGGTAGCCGGCGA GCGTGTTCGCGGTATTGCCCACGAACTCGAACAAGACGGCTTTAGCATTCTCTCTACGGCGTCTTCTGCGG AAGGCCGCATTGTGGCTAGCACGCACCACGGTCTCGCCTGCATCCTCGTGGCAGCTGAGGGTGCGGGTGAG AATCAGCGTCTGCTCCAAGACGTGGTTGAGCTGATCCGTGTAGCTCGCGTCCGTGCGCCACAGCTCCCGAT CTTCGCGCTGGGCGAACAGGTGACTATTGAAAACGCGCCTGCCGAATCTATGGCCGACCTGCACCAGCTCC GCGGCATTCTGTATCTCTTCGAGGATACTGTCCCGTTCCTGGCACGTCAGGTTGCACGCGCAGCGCGTAAC TACCTCGCTGGCCTCCTCCCGCCATTCTTCCGTGCACTCGTGGAGCACACGGCCCAAAGCAATTACTCTTG GCACACCCCGGGTCACGGTGGTGGTGTCGCTTACCGTAAATCTCCGGTAGGTCAAGCTTTCCACCAGTTCT TTGGCGAGAATACCCTCCGCTCTGACCTGTCTGTTAGCGTTCCAGAGCTGGGCAGCCTGCTGGATCACACT GGCCCTCTCGCGGAAGCAGAGGATCGTGCCGCTCGCAATTTCGGTGCGGACCACACCTTCTTTGTCATCAA TGGTACCTCTACTGCGAACAAAATCGTTTGGCACTCTATGGTTGGTCGCGAGGACCTGGTGCTGGTCGATC GTACCTGTCACAACTCTATTCTGCACTCCATTATCATGACGGGTGCTATCCCACTGTACCTGACTCCGGAA CGCAACGAACTGGGTATTATCGGCCCTATTCCACTCTCCGAGTTTTCTAAACAATCTATCGCAGCAAAAAT TGCCGCCTCCCCACTCGCGCGTGGTCGTGAACCGAAAGTTAAACTGGCTGTCGTTACCAACTCTACCTATG ACGGTCTGTGTTACAACGCGGAACTGATCAAACAAACCCTCGGCGACTCTGTCGAGGTACTGCATTTCGAC GAGGCTTGGTATGCTTATGCGGCGTTTCACGAGTTCTACGACGGCCGCTACGGTATGGGCACTTCTCGTTC CGAAGAGGGTCCGCTGGTCTTTGCTACCCATTCTACCCACAAGATGCTCGCGGCTTTTTCCCAAGCTAGCA TGATTCACGTTCAGGATGGTGGTACGCGCAAGCTGGACGTCGCCCGCTTTAACGAAGCCTTTATGATGCAC ATCAGCACCTCTCCACAGTACGGCATCATTGCGTCTCTCGATGTCGCAAGCGCTATGATGGAAGGTCCTGC CGGTCGTAGCCTGATCCAAGAGACGTTCGATGAGGCGCTGTCCTTCCGTCGTGCTCTGGCGAATGTCCGTC AGAACCTGGACCGTAATGATTGGTGGTTCGGTGTCTGGCAACCGGAGCAGGTTGAGGGCACCGACCAGGTA GGTACTCACGACTGGGTTCTCGAGCCTAGCGCGGACTGGCATGGTTTTGGTGACATTGCGGAGGATTACGT TCTCCTCGATCCTATCAAAGTTACCCTGACCACCCCAGGTCTGAGCGCTGGCGGTAAACTCTCTGAACAAG GCATCCCGGCAGCTATCGTTAGCCGTTTCCTGTGGGAACGTGGTCTGGTGGTCGAGAAAACGGGTCTGTAC TCTTTCCTGGTTCTGTTCTCCATGGGTATCACGAAAGGCAAATGGTCTACTCTGGTTACCGAGCTGCTCGA ATTCAAACGCTGTTACGACGCGAATCTGCCACTCCTGGATGTGCTGCCTTCTGTAGCGCAGGCGGGTGGTA AACGCTATAACGGTGTAGGTCTGCGTGATCTGTCCGATGCCATGCACGCTTCTTATCGTGACAATGCCACG GCGAAGGCCATGAAGCGTATGTATACGGTGCTCCCGGAAGTAGCCATGCGCCCGTCCGAAGCTTATGATAA GCTCGTACGCGGTGAAGTCGAAGCTGTTCCTATTGCACGTCTCGAGGGTCGTATTGCGGCGGTTATGCTGG TTCCGTACCCGCCAGGTATCCCGCTCATTATGCCGGGTGAACGTTTTACTGAAGCTACCCGCTCCATTCTG GACTATCTGGAGTTTGCCCGTACCTTCGAGCGCGCGTTCCCGGGCTTTGACTCTGATGTTCACGGCCTCCA ACATCAAGATGGCCCGTCTGGCCGTTGTTATACCGTTGAATGCATCAAGGAATAA SEQ ID NO: 40 (ldc2-co1 C332G/A785C/A795C DNA sequence)  ATGTACAAAGATCTGAAATTCCCTGTTCTGATTGTACACCGCGATATCAAGGCGGACACGGTAGCCGGCGA GCGTGTTCGCGGTATTGCCCACGAACTCGAACAAGACGGCTTTAGCATTCTCTCTACGGCGTCTTCTGCGG AAGGCCGCATTGTGGCTAGCACGCACCACGGTCTCGCCTGCATCCTCGTGGCAGCTGAGGGTGCGGGTGAG AATCAGCGTCTGCTCCAAGACGTGGTTGAGCTGATCCGTGTAGCTCGCGTCCGTGCGCCACAGCTCCCGAT CTTCGCGCTGGGCGAACAGGTGACTATTGAAAACGCGCCTGCCGAATGTATGGCCGACCTGCACCAGCTCC GCGGCATTCTGTATCTCTTCGAGGATACTGTCCCGTTCCTGGCACGTCAGGTTGCACGCGCAGCGCGTAAC TACCTCGCTGGCCTCCTCCCGCCATTCTTCCGTGCACTCGTGGAGCACACGGCCCAAAGCAATTACTCTTG GCACACCCCGGGTCACGGTGGTGGTGTCGCTTACCGTAAATCTCCGGTAGGTCAAGCTTTCCACCAGTTCT TTGGCGAGAATACCCTCCGCTCTGACCTGTCTGTTAGCGTTCCAGAGCTGGGCAGCCTGCTGGATCACACT GGCCCTCTCGCGGAAGCAGAGGATCGTGCCGCTCGCAATTTCGGTGCGGACCACACCTTCTTTGTCATCAA TGGTACCTCTACTGCGAACAAAATCGTTTGGCACTCTATGGTTGGTCGCGAGGACCTGGTGCTGGTCGATC GTACCTGTCACAACTCTATTCTGCACTCCATTATCATGACGGGTGCTATCCCACTGTACCTGACTCCGGAA CGCAACGAACTGGGTATTATCGGCCCTATTCCACTCTCCGAGTTTTCTAAACAATCTATCGCAGCAAAAAT TGCCGCCTCCCCACTCGCGCGTGGTCGTGAACCGAAAGTTAAACTGGCTGTCGTTACCAACTCTACCTATG ACGGTCTGTGTTACAACGCGGAACTGATCAAACAAACCCTCGGCGACTCTGTCGAGGTACTGCATTTCGAC GAGGCTTGGTATGCTTATGCGGCGTTTCACGAGTTCTACGACGGCCGCTACGGTATGGGCACTTCTCGTTC CGAAGAGGGTCCGCTGGTCTTTGCTACCCATTCTACCCACAAGATGCTCGCGGCTTTTTCCCAAGCTAGCA TGATTCACGTTCAGGATGGTGGTACGCGCAAGCTGGACGTCGCCCGCTTTAACGAAGCCTTTATGATGCAC ATCAGCACCTCTCCACAGTACGGCATCATTGCGTCTCTCGATGTCGCAAGCGCTATGATGGAAGGTCCTGC CGGTCGTAGCCTGATCCAAGAGACGTTCGATGAGGCGCTGTCCTTCCGTCGTGCTCTGGCGAATGTCCGTC AGAACCTGGACCGTAATGATTGGTGGTTCGGTGTCTGGCAACCGGAGCAGGTTGAGGGCACCGACCAGGTA GGTACTCACGACTGGGTTCTCGAGCCTAGCGCGGACTGGCATGGTTTTGGTGACATTGCGGAGGATTACGT TCTCCTCGATCCTATCAAAGTTACCCTGACCACCCCAGGTCTGAGCGCTGGCGGTAAACTCTCTGAACAAG GCATCCCGGCAGCTATCGTTAGCCGTTTCCTGTGGGAACGTGGTCTGGTGGTCGAGAAAACGGGTCTGTAC TCTTTCCTGGTTCTGTTCTCCATGGGTATCACGAAAGGCAAATGGTCTACTCTGGTTACCGAGCTGCTCGA ATTCAAACGCTGTTACGACGCGAATCTGCCACTCCTGGATGTGCTGCCTTCTGTAGCGCAGGCGGGTGGTA AACGCTATAACGGTGTAGGTCTGCGTGATCTGTCCGATGCCATGCACGCTTCTTATCGTGACAATGCCACG GCGAAGGCCATGAAGCGTATGTATACGGTGCTCCCGGAAGTAGCCATGCGCCCGTCCGAAGCTTATGATAA GCTCGTACGCGGTGAAGTCGAAGCTGTTCCTATTGCACGTCTCGAGGGTCGTATTGCGGCGGTTATGCTGG TTCCGTACCCGCCAGGTATCCCGCTCATTATGCCGGGTGAACGTTTTACTGAAGCTACCCGCTCCATTCTG GACTATCTGGAGTTTGCCCGTACCTTCGAGCGCGCGTTCCCGGGCTTTGACTCTGATGTTCACGGCCTCCA ACATCAAGATGGCCCGTCTGGCCGTTGTTATACCGTTGAATGCATCAAGGAATAA SEQ ID NO: 41 (cadA DNA sequence)  ATGAACGTTATTGCAATATTGAATCACATGGGGGTTTATTTTAAAGAAGAACCCATCCGTGAACTTCATCG CGCGCTTGAACGTCTGAACTTCCAGATTGTTTACCCGAACGACCGTGACGACTTATTAAAACTGATCGAAA ACAATGCGCGTCTGTGCGGCGTTATTTTTGACTGGGATAAATATAATCTCGAGCTGTGCGAAGAAATTAGC AAAATGAACGAGAACCTGCCGTTGTACGCGTTCGCTAATACGTATTCCACTCTCGATGTAAGCCTGAATGA CCTGCGTTTACAGATTAGCTTCTTTGAATATGCGCTGGGTGCTGCTGAAGATATTGCTAATAAGATCAAGC AGACCACTGACGAATATATCAACACTATTCTGCCTCCGCTGACTAAAGCACTGTTTAAATATGTTCGTGAA GGTAAATATACTTTCTGTACTCCTGGTCACATGGGCGGTACTGCATTCCAGAAAAGCCCGGTAGGTAGCCT GTTCTATGATTTCTTTGGTCCGAATACCATGAAATCTGATATTTCCATTTCAGTATCTGAACTGGGTTCTC TGCTGGATCACAGTGGTCCACACAAAGAAGCAGAACAGTATATCGCTCGCGTCTTTAACGCAGACCGCAGC TACATGGTGACCAACGGTACTTCCACTGCGAACAAAATTGTTGGTATGTACTCTGCTCCAGCAGGCAGCAC CATTCTGATTGACCGTAACTGCCACAAATCGCTGACCCACCTGATGATGATGAGCGATGTTACGCCAATCT ATTTCCGCCCGACCCGTAACGCTTACGGTATTCTTGGTGGTATCCCACAGAGTGAATTCCAGCACGCTACC ATTGCTAAGCGCGTGAAAGAAACACCAAACGCAACCTGGCCGGTACATGCTGTAATTACCAACTCTACCTA TGATGGTCTGCTGTACAACACCGACTTCATCAAGAAAACACTGGATGTGAAATCCATCCACTTTGACTCCG CGTGGGTGCCTTACACCAACTTCTCACCGATTTACGAAGGTAAATGCGGTATGAGCGGTGGCCGTGTAGAA GGGAAAGTGATTTACGAAACCCAGTCCACTCACAAACTGCTGGCGGCGTTCTCTCAGGCTTCCATGATCCA CGTTAAAGGTGACGTAAACGAAGAAACCTTTAACGAAGCCTACATGATGCACACCACCACTTCTCCGCACT ACGGTATCGTGGCGTCCACTGAAACCGCTGCGGCGATGATGAAAGGCAATGCAGGTAAGCGTCTGATCAAC GGTTCTATTGAACGTGCGATCAAATTCCGTAAAGAGATCAAACGTCTGAGAACGGAATCTGATGGCTGGTT CTTTGATGTATGGCAGCCGGATCATATCGATACGACTGAATGCTGGCCGCTGCGTTCTGACAGCACCTGGC ACGGCTTCAAAAACATCGATAACGAGCACATGTATCTTGACCCGATCAAAGTCACCCTGCTGACTCCGGGG ATGGAAAAAGACGGCACCATGAGCGACTTTGGTATTCCGGCCAGCATCGTGGCGAAATACCTCGACGAACA TGGCATCGTTGTTGAGAAAACCGGTCCGTATAACCTGCTGTTCCTGTTCAGCATCGGTATCGATAAGACCA AAGCACTGAGCCTGCTGCGTGCTCTGACTGACTTTAAACGTGCGTTCGACCTGAACCTGCGTGTGAAAAAC ATGCTGCCGTCTCTGTATCGTGAAGATCCTGAATTCTATGAAAACATGCGTATTCAGGAACTGGCTCAGAA TATCCACAAACTGATTGTTCACCACAATCTGCCGGATCTGATGTATCGCGCATTTGAAGTGCTGCCGACGA TGGTAATGACTCCGTATGCTGCATTCCAGAAAGAGCTGCACGGTATGACCGAAGAAGTTTACCTCGACGAA ATGGTAGGTCGTATTAACGCCAATATGATCCTTCCGTACCCGCCGGGAGTTCCTCTGGTAATGCCGGGTGA AATGATCACCGAAGAAAGCCGTCCGGTTCTGGAGTTCCTGCAGATGCTGTGTGAAATCGGCGCTCACTATC CGGGCTTTGAAACCGATATTCACGGTGCATACCGTCAGGCTGATGGCCGCTATACCGTTAAGGTATTGAAA GAAGAAAGCAAAAAATAA SEQ ID NO: 42 (ldcC DNA sequence)  ATGAACATCATTGCCATTATGGGACCGCATGGCGTCTTTTATAAAGATGAGCCCATCAAAGAACTGGAGTC GGCGCTGGTGGCGCAAGGCTTTCAGATTATCTGGCCACAAAACAGCGTTGATTTGCTGAAATTTATCGAGC ATAACCCTCGAATTTGCGGCGTGATTTTTGACTGGGATGAGTACAGTCTCGATTTATGTAGCGATATCAAT CAGCTTAATGAATATCTCCCGCTTTATGCCTTCATCAACACCCACTCGACGATGGATGTCAGCGTGCAGGA TATGCGGATGGCGCTCTGGTTTTTTGAATATGCGCTGGGGCAGGCGGAAGATATCGCCATTCGTATGCGTC AGTACACCGACGAATATCTTGATAACATTACACCGCCGTTCACGAAAGCCTTGTTTACCTACGTCAAAGAG CGGAAGTACACCTTTTGTACGCCGGGGCATATGGGCGGCACCGCATATCAAAAAAGCCCGGTTGGCTGTCT GTTTTATGATTTTTTCGGCGGGAATACTCTTAAGGCTGATGTCTCTATTTCGGTCACCGAGCTTGGTTCGT TGCTCGACCACACCGGGCCACACCTGGAAGCGGAAGAGTACATCGCGCGGACTTTTGGCGCGGAACAGAGT TATATCGTTACCAACGGAACATCGACGTCGAACAAAATTGTGGGTATGTACGCCGCGCCATCCGGCAGTAC GCTGTTGATCGACCGCAATTGTCATAAATCGCTGGCGCATCTGTTGATGATGAACGATGTAGTGCCAGTCT GGCTGAAACCGACGCGTAATGCGTTGGGGATTCTTGGTGGGATCCCGCGCCGTGAATTTACTCGCGACAGC ATCGAAGAGAAAGTCGCTGCTACCACGCAAGCACAATGGCCGGTTCATGCGGTGATCACCAACTCCACCTA TGATGGCTTGCTCTACAACACCGACTGGATCAAACAGACGCTGGATGTCCCGTCGATTCACTTCGATTCTG CCTGGGTGCCGTACACCCATTTTCATCCGATCTACCAGGGTAAAAGTGGTATGAGCGGCGAGCGTGTTGCG GGAAAAGTGATCTTCGAAACGCAATCGACCCACAAAATGCTGGCGGCGTTATCGCAGGCTTCGCTGATCCA CATTAAAGGCGAGTATGACGAAGAGGCCTTTAACGAAGCCTTTATGATGCATACCACCACCTCGCCCAGTT ATCCCATTGTTGCTTCGGTTGAGACGGCGGCGGCGATGCTGCGTGGTAATCCGGGCAAACGGCTGATTAAC CGTTCAGTAGAACGAGCTCTGCATTTTCGCAAAGAGGTCCAGCGGCTGCGGGAAGAGTCTGACGGTTGGTT TTTCGATATCTGGCAACCGCCGCAGGTGGATGAAGCCGAATGCTGGCCCGTTGCGCCTGGCGAACAGTGGC ACGGCTTTAACGATGCGGATGCCGATCATATGTTTCTCGATCCGGTTAAAGTCACTATTTTGACACCGGGG ATGGACGAGCAGGGCAATATGAGCGAGGAGGGGATCCCGGCGGCGCTGGTAGCAAAATTCCTCGACGAACG TGGGATCGTAGTAGAGAAAACCGGCCCTTATAACCTGCTGTTTCTCTTTAGTATTGGCATCGATAAAACCA AAGCAATGGGATTATTGCGTGGGTTGACGGAATTCAAACGCTCTTACGATCTCAACCTGCGGATCAAAAAT ATGCTACCCGATCTCTATGCAGAAGATCCCGATTTCTACCGCAATATGCGTATTCAGGATCTGGCACAAGG GATCCATAAGCTGATTCGTAAACACGATCTTCCCGGTTTGATGTTGCGGGCATTCGATACTTTGCCGGAGA TGATCATGACGCCACATCAGGCATGGCAACGACAAATTAAAGGCGAAGTAGAAACCATTGCGCTGGAACAA CTGGTCGGTAGAGTATCGGCAAATATGATCCTGCCTTATCCACCGGGCGTACCGCTGTTGATGCCTGGAGA AATGCTGACCAAAGAGAGCCGCACAGTACTCGATTTTCTACTGATGCTTTGTTCCGTCGGGCAACATTACC CCGGTTTTGAAACGGATATTCACGGCGCGAAACAGGACGAAGACGGCGTTTACCGCGTACGAGTCCTAAAA ATGGCGGGATAA

REFERENCES

The references, patents and published patent applications listed below, and all references cited in the specification above are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, as if fully set forth herein.

-   1. Wertz et al. “Chimeric nature of two plasmids of Hafnia alvei     encoding the bacteriocins alveicins A and B.” Journal of     Bacteriology, (2004) 186: 1598-1605). 

What is claimed is:
 1. A product, which is one of the following products I) through V): I) a first polypeptide consisting of a mutant of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 (TetA) and fragments thereof, wherein the mutant of TetA or the fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 32 (TetA aa1-96), TetA aa1-98, TetA aa1-99, TetA aa1-100, TetA aa1-101, TetA aa1-102, TetA aa1-103, TetA aa1-104, TetA aa1-124, TetA aa1-125, TetA aa1-126, TetA aa1-127, TetA aa1-128, TetA aa1-129, TetA aa1-130, TetA aa1-131, TetA aa1-132, TetA aa1-133, TetA aa1-155, TetA aa1-156, TetA aa1-157, TetA aa1-158, TetA aa1-159, TetA aa1-160, TetA aa1-161, TetA aa1-162, TetA aa1-182, TetA aa1-183, TetA aa1-184, SEQ ID NO: 30 (TetA (aa1-185)), TetA aa1-186, TetA aa1-187, TetA aa1-188, TetA aa1-189, TetA aa1-190, TetA aa1-191, TetA aa1-192, TetA aa1-193, TetA aa1-194, and TetA aa1-195; II) a non-naturally occurring first polynucleotide encoding the first polypeptide of the product I); III) a first expression plasmid vector comprising: one or more first polynucleotides encoding the first polypeptide of the product I), and a backbone plasmid capable of autonomous replication in a host cell; IV) a transformant comprising one or more the first expression plasmid vectors of the product III) in a host cell; V) a mutant host cell comprising one or more first polynucleotides integrated into a chromosome of a host cell, wherein the first polynucleotide encodes the first polypeptide of the product I); wherein the host cell in III), IV) and V) is selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Corynebacterium, Bacilli, Hafnia, Brevibacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Streptococcus.
 2. A product of claim 1, which is IV) the transformant, which further comprises one or more second expression plasmid vectors comprising one or more polynucleotides independently selected from the group consisting of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising a tetracycline efflux pump polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant thereof, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant thereof, and a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising a lysine biosynthesis polypeptide, a fragment thereof or a mutant thereof; and a backbone plasmid capable of autonomous replication in a host cell.
 3. A product of claim 1, which is IV) the transformant, wherein the backbone plasmid is an E. coli expression plasmid vector.
 4. A product of claim 3, wherein the backbone plasmid is selected from the group consisting of pUC18, pUC19, pBR322, pACYC, pET, pSC101 and any derived plasmids thereof.
 5. A product of claim 1, which is IV) the transformant, wherein the expression plasmid vector further comprises one or more polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide comprising an antibiotic resistance protein, a fragment thereof, or mutant thereof.
 6. A product of claim 5, wherein the antibiotic resistance protein comprises a tetracycline resistance protein or an oxytetracycline-resistance protein (Otr).
 7. A product of claim 6, wherein the antibiotic resistance protein is selected from the group consisting of OtrA, OtrB, OtrC, and Tcr3.
 8. A product of claim 1, which is IV) the transformant, wherein the first polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 29 (tetA (nt 1-558)) and SEQ ID NO: 31 (tetA (nt 1-291)).
 9. A product of claim 8, wherein the first polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 30 (TetA (aa1-185)) and SEQ ID NO: 32 (TetA (aa1-96)).
 10. A product of claim 2, wherein the polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide is SEQ ID NO: 41 (cadA), fragments thereof, and mutants thereof, and the polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising a lysine biosynthesis polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of sucA, ppc, aspC, lysC, asd, dapA (dihydrodipicolinate synthase), dapB, dapD, argD, dapE, dapF, lysA, ddh, pntAB, cyoABE, gadAB, ybjE, gdhA, gltA, sucC, gadC, acnB, pflB, thrA, aceA, aceB, gltB, aceE, sdhA, murE, speE, speG, puuA, puuP, ygjG, fragments thereof, and mutants thereof.
 11. A product of claim 2, wherein the polypeptide comprising a lysine decarboxylase polypeptide is SEQ ID NO: 6 (CadA), fragments thereof, and mutants thereof, and the polypeptide comprising a lysine biosynthesis polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of SucA, Ppc, AspC, LysC, Asd, DapA (dihydrodipicolinate synthase), DapB, DapD, ArgD, DapE, DapF, LysA, Ddh, PntAB, CyoABE, GadAB, YbjE, GdhA, GltA, SucC, GadC, AcnB, PflB, ThrA, AceA, AceB, GltB, AceE, SdhA, MurE, SpeE, SpeG, PuuA, PuuP, and YgjG, fragments thereof, and mutants thereof.
 12. A product of claim 2, wherein the polypeptide comprising a lysine biosynthesis polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3 (LysC), SEQ ID NO: 4 (DapA), SEQ ID NO: 5 (LysA), SEQ ID NO: 22 (Asd), SEQ ID NO: 23 (DapB), SEQ ID NO: 24 (DapD), SEQ ID NO: 25 (AspC), SEQ ID NO: 26 (LysC-1), SEQ ID NO: 27 (LysC-2), and SEQ ID NO: 28 (S-LysC).
 13. A product of claim 1, which is IV) the transformant, wherein the host cell is from the genus Hafnia, Escherichia, or Corynebacterium.
 14. A product of claim 13, wherein the host cell is from the species Hafnia alvei, Escherichia coli, or Corynebacterium glutamicum.
 15. A method for producing a lysine comprising: obtaining the transformant of the product IV) and/or the mutant host cell of the product V) of claim 1; culturing the transformant and/or mutant host cell under conditions effective for the expression of the lysine; and harvesting the lysine.
 16. A method for producing cadaverine (1,5-pentanediamine) comprising: 1a) cultivating the transformant of the product IV) and/or the mutant host cell of the product V) of claim 1; 1b) producing cadaverine using the culture obtained from step 1a to decarboxylate lysine; and 1c) extracting and purifying cadaverine using the culture obtained from step 1b. 